Tuesday, December 30, 2008

Obama’s World

Nepal cannot afford to ignore the new angles the incoming U.S. administration could reset in our geopolitical triangle

By Sanjay Upadhya
Foreign Minister Upendra Yadav can hardly be accused of gratuitous exuberance in having described Barack Obama’s election as the 44th president of the United States as a matter of joy for people everywhere wallowing in discrimination and deprivation. The general international reaction to the first African American’s rise to the most powerful job in the world has been far more adulatory.
Ithe absence of a record going beyond Obama’s four years in the U.S. Senate – much of it spent on campaigning for the presidency – there is precious little that would help explain the president-elect’s worldview or governing style. Clearly, the new administration will be pre-occupied with restoring America’s economic health. Yet foreign policy and national security are not about to diminish in importance. America’s international challenges have not subsided because of the global economic crisis.
Implicit, thus, in the enduring bout of Obama-mania – both at home and abroad – is relief at the departure of the gung-ho American unilateralism of the last eight years. Difficult as it might seem now, however, it is important to remember that George W. Bush arrived in the White House as a critic of his predecessor’s penchant for international nation-building missions. Of course, the 9/11 attacks changed all that. And this fits into the wider issue of how different Obama can really be vis-à-vis the rest of the world.
A change in tone, while certainly helpful, would hardly be enough to bring transformations of substance. For one thing, there are core U.S. national interests that no rhetorical tempering can dilute. Campaign promises, furthermore, are aimed at electrifying voters. Once they have affirmed their mandate, expediency gives way. Circumstances change and unforeseen events happen. Compromises with legislators, the bulk of who face the voters every two years, become crucial. If Obama ends up backtracking on key campaign promises sooner rather than later, he will certainly have conformed to presidential tradition.

America And The World
Having inherited a major – and deeply unpopular – war, Obama already is saddled by one of the most difficult challenges an incoming president could expect. His campaign promise of withdrawing troops from Iraq would now have to be balanced against its wider regional repercussions. With allies as mutually antagonistic as Saudi Arabia and Israel anxious not to see Iran fill the vacuum, Obama knows how carefully he must tread.
A politically resurgent Russia, a quiet but assertive China, and a budding alliance of left-wing governments in Latin America, among other things, have exacerbated U.S. foreign policy challenges burdened by the war on terrorism. Traditional allies, too, pose a challenge. The European Union, economically and politically resilient, has embarked on autonomous policy-making for much of the Bush years and seems to have become used to it.
The day after Obama’s election, Russian President Dmitri Medvedev announced that Moscow was deploying missiles in its European exclave of Kaliningrad in response to the U.S. deployment of ballistic missile defense systems in Poland. Such Russian assertiveness may not be enough to consolidate a Cold War-like transatlantic alliance. E.U. countries, after all, have the motive and opportunity to strike their own deals with Russia, especially on energy imports, and thrive.
China’s growing influence in everyday American life has become apparent during the financial crisis. More and more Americans recognize how Beijing’s purchases of bonds have been propping up the economy. Also apparent for an increasing number of Americans is the rapid growth in China’s conventional military capabilities, including its blue-water navy and submarine forces. Experts see Beijing potentially challenging Washington’s predominance in the western Pacific for the first time since 1945. China’s expanding strategic nuclear forces and its ballistic missile forces gives it a stronger capability to project itself on the international stage.
Obama has spoken admiringly of China’s domestic achievements and potential contributions to world peace. Indeed, Beijing’s cooperation on North Korea has helped ease the nuclear crisis while its reluctance has compounded the problem in Darfur. Yet there are nativist members of the Democratic Party, beholden only to their voters, firmly focused on the issues of Taiwan, Tibet and human rights. Balancing the U.S.-China relationship will remain tough, to put it mildly, for the incoming administration.
In the Middle East, the Bush administration made a monumental policy shift. The fact that most of the 9/11 hijackers were Saudis or Egyptians forced ordinary Americans to take a fresh look at these traditional U.S. allies. Bush’s policy of democratizing the Arab regimes as a precondition to stemming radicalism has been discredited by the Iraq imbroglio. Still, Obama would have a hard time repudiating that doctrine, especially in view of the U.S.’s own democratic traditions.
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict would put Obama to a peculiar test. While the president-elect is perceived as a sympathizer of Arabs, his victory owed much to crucial support from traditionally pro-Israel constituencies. Perceptions of pro-Arabism, on the other hand, could harden Israel’s own attitudes and approaches, especially concerning the Gaza, West Bank as well as Lebanon, Syria and Iran, portending greater regional instability.

South Asia: Spotlight And Skepticism
By promising to focus America’s attention and resources on the war in Afghanistan, Obama has signaled an energetic involvement in South Asia. The capture of Osama bin Laden would make no significant dent against Al Qaeda or its allies. In search for demonstrable success, Obama would be tempted to open dialogue with Taliban elements, especially those interested in joining the political process. And that brings Pakistan center stage.
At one point during the campaign, Obama stumbled by saying he would order unilateral military action inside Pakistan to pursue terrorists, but he quickly recovered. During the presidential debates, Obama spoke of building trust with the democratic leaders of Pakistan while seeking Islamabad’s military support in the fight against terrorism.
India represents a different picture. In the early months of the presidential campaign, Obama praised the world’s most populous democracy and supported the initiatives taken by the Bush administration in bolstering wide-ranging relations with New Delhi. The president-elect is a firm supporter of the Indo-U.S. civilian nuclear co-operation agreement, although strong constituencies in his party oppose deal, saying its undercuts non-proliferation efforts with Iran and other aspiring nuclear-weapons states.
Some Indians suspect Obama considers a resolution of the Kashmir conflict a pre-condition to acquiring the Pakistan army’s full cooperation in the war against Al Qaeda and the Taliban. Speculation that Obama was likely to appoint a special envoy on Kashmir, possibly former president Bill Clinton, riled leading Indian analysts. The president-elect’s support for ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, which New Delhi has long opposed, brings another imponderable to the equation.
India, too, has contributed to the skepticism. On the sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly earlier this year, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh held a high-profile meeting with McCain, without having scheduled a similar engagement with Obama. After his electoral triumph, Obama spoke to Prime Minister Singh, but only days after making a call to Pakistani President Asif Zardari.
Indian officials subsequently explained that delay as part of a scheduling conflict. That explanation did little to quell suspicions, especially considering the preposterousness of the suggestion that Singh could not spare a few minutes for the incoming leader of the world’s sole superpower. Admittedly, the multifaceted ties between Washington and New Delhi run too deep to permit a course change, much less a reversal. But the building sense of caution must be factored in.

Nepal: Continuity Or Change?
Given Nepal’s strategically important location between the world’s two most populous nations – as well as its fastest growing economies – Washington’s engagement in Kathmandu clearly transcends internal changes in either country. Washington has sufficiently underscored its commitment to continued engagement by, among other things, modernizing its embassy in Kathmandu.
Obama has had much of his work done by the man he is succeeding. During his first term, Bush backed Sher Bahadur Deuba’s government and, subsequently, the royal regime against the Maoist insurgents militarily and politically. The perceived pro-Chinese nature of the February 1, 2005 royal takeover shut the door on that cooperation. As the Maoists consolidated their political influence through the peace process, Washington – in close consultation with New Delhi – embarked on a cautious wait-and-see approach on the former rebels.
India and the U.S. can be expected to continue comparing notes on Nepal. Yet New Delhi seems equally mindful of the keenness with which Washington is engaging with the Maoists while the State Department still officially considers them terrorists. For the Indians, though, the larger question has become China’s own ties with the Maoists. Seeking to bolster its position after the fall of its long-time ally, the monarchy, China has been steadily building ties with the Maoists. Viewing India as a pivot ring in a U.S.-led containment against is “peaceful rise,” Chinese diplomats and academics have become increasingly candid in asserting their interests in Nepal. The sustained Tibetan protests in Kathmandu earlier this year has evidently hardened China’s position.
Indian Foreign Minister Pranab Mukherjee’s recent public statement acknowledging the strategic challenge China poses for India has sparked a vigorous debate with considerable relevance to Nepal. Indian complaints of Chinese encirclement through the smaller South Asian nations in an effort to spread its influence throughout the region, of Beijing’s reiteration of territorial claims to Arunachal Pradesh and, now, of Chinese complicity in terrorism in the volatile Northeast represent a serious escalation in rhetoric. Chinese interest in the future of Nepal’s military has not gone unnoticed in New Delhi and Washington, which shared traditional ties with the erstwhile Royal Nepalese Army.
The continued participation of the Maoists in the political process, regardless of their longevity in power, has become crucial to India’s own internal efforts to tame the Naxalite insurgency. Yet the emergence of a Chinese client regime in Kathmandu under the Maoists would deal a severe blow to the rationale behind its opposition to the monarchy.
Still sections in New Delhi see Beijing’s assertiveness in Nepal more of a response to growing American influence. The strong pro-Tibet lobby in the Democratic Party as well as Nepal’s record as a key staging ground in that conflict raises a key question. How far amenable would New Delhi be to confronting U.S.-instigated Chinese influence in Nepal should Obama bring back the hyphenated India-Pakistan plank in his South Asia policy? A recent U.S. intelligence report on global trends candidly concedes that New Delhi’s partnerships are aimed at maximizing India’s autonomy, not at aligning itself with any country or international coalition.
Foreign Minister Yadav confidently asserted there would be no change in U.S. policy on Nepal under the new administration. That does not mean Nepal can afford to ignore the new angles Obama’s arrival could reset in our triangular geopolitics.

(A version of this article appeared in the December 2008 issue of Global Nepali)

Sunday, November 30, 2008

Premier Designs

For the Maoists, keeping the internal edge may prove far tougher than seeking international acceptability

By Sanjay Upadhya
For someone assiduously evading an international arrest warrant as recently as two years ago, Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal has mounted a captivating performance on the global stage. Traveling to China to attend the closing ceremonies of the Olympic Games days after taking office in mid-August, Dahal held extensive bilateral talks with President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao in what had become an official visit in all but name.
How the Republic of Nepal had broken with tradition by sending its new head of government to the northern neighbor on his first trip abroad fortified the nationalist constituency – and enervated influential sections across the southern border. Barely had Dahal landed home than he went on full damage-control mode. Nepal’s neighborhood policy was not a zero-sum game, the Maoist leader suggested. Exhibiting his insurgency-era capacity for linguistic legerdemain, Dahal said he would make his first political visit to India.
In an ironic reversal of roles, the premier was warned by his predecessor, Girija Prasad Koirala, not to sign any agreement. Actually, when premier Koirala prepared to visit India after the restoration of democracy in 2006, Dahal had used stronger language indicting both sides. By the time Dahal landed in Delhi, goodwill had replaced political as the operating adjective of his visit.
The Koshi flood and its destructive aftermath coupled with the Maoists’ own history of fierce anti-Indianism, not to mention Nepalis’ traditional skepticism of their giant southern neighbor, provided a sober backdrop for Dahal’s visit. That did not stop him from mounting a charm offensive on the Indian political leadership across the ideological spectrum. Emerging from talks with his counterpart, Dr. Manmohan Singh, and other senior leaders, Dahal spoke of a new beginning in relations. Curiously, he did so by circuitously reviving the term “special relations” that had marred them in the past. By winning New Delhi’s firm commitment on a thorough review of the 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship and other agreements, Dahal gained a major symbolic victory. By the time the joint statement was released, its tricky text imposed stern responsibilities on the man once known as the Fierce One.
The Indian media became ever more euphoric as they discovered new facets of the once shadowy leader who some believed never really existed. Entrenched adversaries like leaders of the Bharatiya Janata Party, which resented Dahal for his ideology, were charmed by his invocation of Pashupatinath. The premier disowned all but ideological ties with the Indian Maoists, who according to Singh, pose the greatest internal security challenge for India since independence. Dahal used his interactions with India Inc. to demolish Maoist shibboleths, a turnaround that must have astounded even the Great Helmsman reformist successors.
Skeptics, of course, saw Dahal in a chameleon-like avatar, ready to assume colors appropriate to his audience. Overall, though, he succeeded in focusing enough attention on himself to leave India firmly glued on his government’s next move. That was fast in coming, with China granting $1.3 million in military aid during Defense Minister Ram Bahadur Thapa Badal’s visit to Beijing. By then, Dahal had embarked on a global performance.
In terms of sheer symbolism, the prime minister’s visit to the United States capped it all. Although technically a trip to address the United Nations General Assembly, Washington seemed quite anxious to make a close appraisal of the watch-and-wait policy it had adopted since the Maoists emerged as the largest party in the April elections. The fact that President George W. Bush invited the leader of an organization still listed on one of Washington’s terrorist lists to his traditional reception for visiting heads of state and government was telling enough. That Bush and Dahal managed to exchange words essentially confirming continued cooperation marked a victory for the Maoists. When junior State Department officials met the premier, they were clearly seeking to set the parameters for an eventual full rapprochement.
In his address to the U.N. assembly, Dahal attempted to cast his party’s decade-long bloody insurgency as a national liberation movement, using other public forums on the sidelines to unveil his vision for the future. Clearly, within a month of his rise to power, the three principal external stakeholders had established Dahal’s acceptability. Eager for more, the premier reached out to Russia for military assistance, almost seeking to entice a resurgent Moscow back to a Cold War-era role in Nepal.

The Home Front
Success in the international arena does not necessarily solidify a leader’s internal flank.
In resource-starved Nepal, the flamboyance of the premier abroad, not the prospect of enhanced global goodwill, became the news. The possible political ramifications for the ruling coalition, a fractious amalgamation at best, began consuming the punditocracy and people alike.
Nepal badly needed a post-monarchy government for it was becoming too embarrassing for the purveyors of novelty. Despite their mutual distrust lingering from the abortive alliance on the presidential election, the Maoists, Unified Marxist Leninists (UML) and Madhesi Janadhikar Forum (MJF) made the best deal possible within the internal and geopolitical dynamics.
The bad blood between Deputy Prime Minister Bam Dev Gautam and Finance Minister Baburam Bhattarai over ministerial protocol spilled out in the open during Dahal’s absence. The protests sparked by the new budget’s slashing of funds for traditional religious observances did much more than pit Gautam and Bhattarai on opposite sides. How rituals and festivals defining the Nepali character would be sustained by an officially secular state under a government led by an ideologically atheist party began boggling more and more minds on the eve of Dasain.
Structurally, the government has enough ingredients to implode. The UML and the MJF have exhorted their youth cadres to go after the Maoists’ Young Communist League (YCL). By opposing the merger of the People’s Liberation Army with the Nepal Army, the MJF has raised the stakes several notches. The move may have cheered the army, intent on preserving its professionalism, but it also casts a shadow on a key component underpinning the peace process.
The Terai Madhes Loktantrik Party, for its part, has demanded that the government hold full consultations with its constituents before proceeding with any revision of the 1950 treaty. Considering how closely the treaty influences everyday life in the region bordering India, the demand is undoubtedly valid. Operationally, achieving national consensus on the precise changes Nepal is seeking and calibrating them with New Delhi’s obvious preference for comprehensiveness would be daunting enough. Fusing the Terai’s aspirations and expectations into the national agenda could leave Nepal scribbling several drafts, especially now that over a dozen armed groups active in the region are veering toward some form of unity.
For Dahal, the real siege lays within. Land Reforms Minister Matrika Yadav’s antics and his subsequent resignation only exemplified the rifts within the Maoists. The controversy sparked by the Maoists’ bearing arms in public places, including the constituent assembly premises, drew clear battle lines. A strong constituency among the former rebels is resentful of Dahal’s seeming readiness to dilute the ideological wholesomeness of the struggle in the name of political expediency. Clashes between rival factions, while still sporadic, could increase amid deepening polarization. While the fractured nature of the popular mandate has certainly stymied the Maoists, Dahal’s eagerness to gain legitimacy from the foreign powers he spent years denouncing is more liable to be perceived as capitulation than as conciliation.

Energized Opposition
All this has redounded to the benefit of the Nepali Congress. Having abandoned its long-standing support for the monarchy, exposing itself to a communist juggernaut, the party was desperate for a revival strategy. Despite the official reunification of the party, members of both factions have candidly acknowledged the lack of emotional unity. The Nepali Congress immediately pounced on Dahal’s and other Maoist leaders’ reiteration that they did not support traditional parliamentary democracy for Nepal. For an organization that had raised arms against both the monarchy and parliamentary democracy, the Maoists’ desire to radically restructure the polity evidently reflects the aspirations of a strong segment of the rank and file. Many Nepalis disenchanted by the 1990-2002 democratic era, too, are understandably anxious for something new. Yet Dahal’s explicit assertion that he did not envisage a one-party state replacing the monarchy has been undercut by his failure to articulate the precise nature of a middle path.
UML general secretary Jhal Nath Khanal, as a major critic of the People’s Multiparty Democracy doctrine that mainstreamed the once-radical communist faction, is understandably inclined to inject revolutionary fervor among cadres. Clearly, his qualified endorsement of a non-traditional democracy under the new constitution is partly aimed for internal consumption. The public convergence of the two communist parties’ disavowal of conventional democracy has given the Nepali Congress the cover to deflect public attention from its internal woes to the purported threat democracy once again confronted.
Significantly, the first salvo was fired by a Maoist-friendly leader Shekhar Koirala, who warned that his party could pull out of the assembly en masse to protest any Maoist tilt toward totalitarianism. NC vice-president Ram Chandra Poudel went on to equate Dahal’s stance with that of king Mahendra while dismissing Nepal’s first elected government and abolishing parliamentary democracy in 1960.
NC president G.P Koirala, insisting that the contradictions within the coalition would be enough to bring it down, promises his party would discharge the role of a responsible opposition and focus on drafting the new constitution on time. Judging by the party’s – and Koirala’s – past, it is hard to see it desisting from any effort that would hasten that collapse.
Having kept the party largely intact during its massive battlefield and political setbacks during the insurgency, Dahal needs to prove he can steer the ship in today’s turbulent waters. Although more militant members have formed another group, vowing to continue the People’s War, the split has not been that grievous. Dahal, however, can no longer expect to play the hardliners and moderates off against each other. Whether in power or out, he will come under greater pressure to either bridge the two or pick a side. Either way, he is unlikely to emerge unscathed.

(This article appeared in the October/November 2008 issue of Global Nepali)

Tuesday, October 07, 2008

क्रान्तिकारी भाषामा राजकीय शव्द

सञ्जय उपाध्याय

नयां नेपाललाई पुरानोले कति सम्म लखेटिरहेको छ भन्ने एउटा उदाहरण नेपाली काङ्ग्रेसका उपसभापति रामचन्द्र पौडेलले हालै पोखरामा दिन पुगे। प्रधानमन्त्री पुष्पकमल दाहालले अचेल प्रयोग गर्ने गरेको भाषामा पौडैलले तत्कालिन राजा महेन्द्रका शब्दहरु भेट्न थालेछन्।
आफ्नो संघर्षमय राजनीतिक जीवन राजा महेन्द्रकै शासनकालमा सुरु गरेका पौडेललाई उनको त्यस बखतको सम्झना बेला बेला कुनै न कुनै रुपले आइरहंदो हो। दाहालले खुलेरै नेपालले आफ्नै प्रकृतिको लोकतन्त्रको विकास गर्नु पर्ने कुरा गर्न थाले पछि पौडेललाई विगतले झन् सताएको होला।
दाहालको कथनका पछाडि जेजस्ता कारण रहे पनि केही त माओवादीहरु कै राजनीतिक आस्था, हाम्रो विगतको संसदीय अनुभव र समसामयिक राजनीति संग गासिएका छन्। मूलधारमा आइसके पछि नेकपा माओवादीले आफ्नो विशिष्ट क्रान्तिकारी छवि गुमाउदै गएको भन्ने कार्यकर्ताहरुमा बढ्दै गएको असन्तोष कसैबाट छिपेको छैन। जनयुद्ध राजतन्त्र र संसदीय व्यवस्था दुवै विरुद्ध सुरु भएको स्मरण गर्नेहरु मध्ये धेरैले त त्यो असन्तोष नै दाहालका लागि सबैभन्दा ठूलो समस्या बन्न सक्ने शान्ति प्रक्रियाको आरम्भ संगै ठम्याएका थिए।
उता नेपाली कम्युनिष्ट आन्दोलनको नेतृत्व सम्हाल्ने होडवाजीले पनि काम गरेको छ। अघिल्ला पुस्ताका उग्रबामपन्थीहरुको मूलधारिकरण गर्न सफल मदन भण्डारीको जनताको बहुदलीय जनवादका तत्कालिन बिरोधीहरु मध्येका एक वर्तमान एमाले महासचिव झलनाथ खनालले आफ्नो दललाई क्रान्तिकारी छवि दिने भरमग्दूर प्रयास गरिरहेका छन्। उनले पनि नेपालको अनुभव र आवश्यक्ता अनुरुप राजनीतिक व्यवस्थालाई परिमार्जन गर्नु पर्ने मनतव्य दिइरहेका छन्।
नयां संरचना सम्वन्धि स्पष्ट विवरण माओवादी वा एमाले कसैले दिन नसकेको सन्दर्भमा त्यस्ता भनाईहरुलाई लोकतन्त्र बिरोधी चरित्र दिन नेपाली कांग्रेसलाई सजिलो पर्यो। अनि राजा महेन्द्रद्धारा संसदीय प्रजातन्त्रको अन्त्य गरी प्रतिपादित निर्दलीय पञ्चायत व्यवस्था संग दाहाल र खनाललाई जोड्न पौडेललाई सजिलो भयो।
तर यहां अर्को खेल सुरु भएको आभाष हुन्छ। निश्चय पनि आधारभूत दलविहीन स्वरुपले नै पञ्चायत ब्यवस्थालाई अप्रजातान्त्रिक बनाएको थियो। जनताको राजनीतिक आस्थाका आधारमा संगठित हुने अधिकारलाई बर्गीय संगठन जस्ता अन्य बैकल्पिक माध्यमबाट सुनिश्चित गर्ने निर्दलीय अभियान ब्यर्थ रह्यो। आधारभूत निर्दलीय स्वरुपकै आयामहरुले राष्ट्रको समग्र जीवनलाई नियन्त्रण गर्यो।
तत्कालिन अन्तरराष्ट्रिय परिस्थिति माझ संसदीय प्रजातन्त्रको भविष्य कति सुरक्षित थियो भन्ने विवाद कहिले नटुंगेला। तर पनि फर्केर हेर्नु पर्नै हुन्छ। एकातिर परस्पर विपरित राजनीतिक प्रणाली बोकेका हाम्रा उतर र दक्षिण छिमेकी वीचको शत्रुता थियो भने अर्को तिर पूर्व र पश्चिम विश्व राजनीतिक आस्थाका आधारमा शितयुद्धमा लिप्त थिए। अनि दोश्रो विश्व युद्ध पछि एशिया, अफ्रिका र लेटिन अमेरिकामा उदाएका नेपाल जस्ता नवप्रजातन्त्रहरुले अन्तरराष्ट्रिय शक्ति संघर्ष माझ गुमाउनु परेको राजनीतिक स्वतन्त्रता फेरी हासिल गर्न शीत युद्धको अन्त्यको प्रतिक्षा गर्नु परेको यथार्थ थियो।
राजा महेन्द्रको राजनीतिक अनुदारता भित्र पनि उनको शासनकालमा नेपालले आफ्नो विशिष्ट अन्तरराष्ट्रिय पहिचान बनाउन सफल भएको स्वीकार्न कन्जुस्याइ गर्नु पर्ने कारण छैन। भारत संगको सम्वन्धलाई शान्त कूटनीति भित्र समेटेर नेपालले त्यतिवेला आफ्ना स्वतन्त्र र सार्वभौम आकांक्षा र अपेक्षाहरु विश्वव्यापी रुपमा सम्प्रेषण गर्न राजा महेन्द्र सफल भएका थिए।
हो, उनको कूटनीतिले छोडेको पिडादायी पक्षहरुमा कालापानी र १९६५को हतियार खरिद सम्वन्धि समझदारी जस्ता मुद्दा हाम्रा सामु अझै छन्। राजा महेन्द्रलाई जति दोष दिए पनि विर्सन नहुने कुरा चाहीं के हो भने कालापानी र १९६५को समझदारीले वोकेको आधारभूत अन्यायलाई उनको अप्रजातान्त्रिक पक्ष संग जोडेर भारत मूल विषयबाट उम्कन सफल भएको छ।
नेपाल राज्यको उदय, बिकास र वर्तमान स्वरुपका आलोचकहरु राजा महेन्द्रलाई आन्तरिक रुपमा कृतिम नेपालीत्व लादेकोमा दोषी ठान्छन्। तर नेपाली नेपाली वीच भावनात्मक एकता बन्न नसकेको एवं एउटा वर्ग, समुदाय र तप्काले समग्र मुलुकलाई शोषण गरेको भन्नेहरुले पनि नेपाललाई दर्जनौ सूक्ष्म राष्ट्रहरुको पुंजका रुपमा परिकल्पना गरेका छैनन्। जे जति न्यायपूर्ण प्रतिनिधित्व, समावेशिकरण र सम्वन्वय बढाउनु पर्ने हो अहिलेकै हाम्रा भौगोलिक यथार्थ र अन्तरराष्ट्रिय पहिचानकै परिधि भित्र गर्नु पर्ने हुन्छ।
यो आकांक्षालाई बुझेको अभाष नेकपा माओवादीले जनयुद्ध सुरु गरे देखि नै औपचारिक दस्तावेज, नेतृत्व पंक्तिका सार्वजनिक भनाई र लेख रचना मार्फत दिएको हो। प्रधानमन्त्रीका रुपमा दाहालले त्यसो गर्न सफल होलान् वा राष्ट्रियता सम्वन्धि मुद्दाहरुलाई सत्तारोहणको मार्गमा सीमित राख्लान् त्यो त भविष्यले नै बताउला। तर प्रधानमन्त्री भएको महिना दिन जसो भित्र दाहालले नेपालमा प्रभावशाली तीनवटै शक्तिशाली मुलुकका सर्वोच्च नेतृत्वलाई भेटी नेपालीहरुको स्वतन्त्र र सवल भई वाच्ने आकांक्षा सम्प्रेषित गर्न सफल भए जस्तो देखिन्छन्। साथै उनले ती सरकारहरुको अपेक्षा बुझेका पनि होलान्।
तिनको समायोजन गर्न सक्नुमा नै नेपालको भविष्य निर्भर हुने कुरामा दुईमत नहोला। अहिले नै नयां नेपालको सम्भावित सम्वन्धि दाहालको एउटा अस्पष्ट अवधारणालाई राजा महेन्द्रको एउटा अप्रीय पक्ष संग जोड्न खोज्नु मुलुकका लागि कतिको हितकर होला?

Thursday, October 02, 2008

Balancing Tact

The Maoists must shed their strong-arm approach for subtlety every step of the way

By Sanjay Upadhya
The nation has attained a semblance of post-monarchy equilibrium, now that the four largest parties have divided up the top leadership positions. Ordinary Nepalis, however, are realistic enough to expect continued squabbling among the Maoists, Nepali Congress, Unified Marxists-Leninists and the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum as the peace process traverses the next phase.
Part of the realism stems from the political machinations the nation witnessed during its last experience with democracy. Some of that shadiness returned during the presidential and prime ministerial elections. Yet there is a palpable sense of anticipation rooted in the fact that the people had given their mandate in April primarily for the creation of a new constitution. Despite the anticipated bumpiness, moving ahead on the journey that began with the 12-point accord is obligatory as well as inevitable.
The idea that Nepal’s failure to acquire a constitution drafted and endorsed by elected representatives is responsible for its decades-long political instability has taken firm hold. The principal protagonists have no excuses for delaying a course correction. The political class may find it expedient to bemoan the rise and fall of alliances in a hung assembly. The people recognize that the flipside of a doomed alliance is the creation of a new one. They are firmly focused on performance.
The national mood is also conditioned by common sense. Parties united by a commitment to overthrow the monarchy were bound to go their separate ways once Nepal became a republic. Furthermore, when almost every party remains divided along the lines of regional, class and generational representation vis-à-vis the contours of a new Nepal, can much value really be placed on persistent calls for a broader consensus? Consensus, more importantly, can be a desirable outcome in a political system based on competition, but not a precondition.
The Maoists, during their tenure in the interim government, could not create an image distinct from the parties and practices they had so ferociously risen up against. The programs and policies of the new government are bound to spark great interest. No less attention will focus on how the Maoists, which have not entirely shed their militant posture after joining the peace process, behave at the helm of affairs. Would a strong administrative hand, buttressed by an assertive security apparatus, indicate their readiness to bolster law and order as a prerequisite for enduring peace? Or would such firmness be perceived as a harbinger of authoritarianism?
Maoist leaders can be expected to reiterate their ultimate commitment to establishing a people’s republic in an effort to appease the more militant constituencies within the party. The implications of merging the People’s Liberation Army into the state military have gained greater clarity and seriousness since its desirability became part of the peace process. In the absence of gainful employment or other means of sustenance, Maoist cadres could become a great challenge to the leadership. Doubtless, the rest of the country would be asked to understand such militant rhetoric as part of the Maoists’ transition to democracy rather than a prelude to one-party authoritarianism. In the absence of good governance, the frequency of both affirmations could only vitiate public opinion.
The Maoists long characterized the Nepali state as being, among other things, semi-feudal and semi-colonial. They have now inherited the responsibility of identifying and promoting Nepal’s alternatives within those limitations. It takes time to transform a proven ability to erode and undermine the state into one that revitalizes it. The people’s patience, on the other hand, is notoriously thin. Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal may find it easy to resort to economically unsustainable but politically attractive policies to boost the government’s popularity. Yet the Maoists recognize they can no longer enjoy the luxury of shifting blame for failures on other parties.
The former rebels also would have to contend with the pressures coalition partners start exerting. The UML comes with its own baggage full of posturing and intrigue from the last stint with the democracy. The Madhesi Janadhikar Forum, untested in power, has enough familiar personalities in top positions to negate any advantage novelty might have conferred. The junior coalition partners would be tempted to weigh down the Maoists on vital issues, especially if the Nepali Congress and others provide the slightest instigation. Still, they must recognize the possible consequences of defensive measures from a besieged group with a history of violence.
The Nepali Congress, sitting in the opposition, seems to believe it has a better understanding of the Maoists’ real motives and intentions. But it would be futile for the party to bemoan its exclusion from political power. Constitutionally and legally, President Ram Baran Yadav may have severed his ties to the Nepali Congress. The country cannot overlook the fact that he was a strong and active member of the party. In that capacity, he had developed definite views on the monarchy and other parties. In many instances, he had expressed them candidly in public. Yadav, moreover, filed his candidacy as general secretary of the Nepali Congress.
In established republics, such political antecedents may matter less. In Nepal, however, all public offices – elected as appointed – have tended to become politicized. Furthermore, our peace process has been driven primarily by political dynamics shaped by and responding to the imperatives of the moment. Most importantly, perhaps, Nepal has no experience with an elected head of state, whose values, attitudes, needs and expectations differ wildly with those of the erstwhile kings. How the presidency interacts with the other elected institution, the premiership, would depend not only on constitutionally defined parameters but also on the nation’s infamously erratic political environment.
Nepali Congress leaders readily acknowledge that their party faces an almost existential crisis. They may try hard to camouflage self-interested maneuvers in the garb of political principle. The people, on the other hand, have reached their own conclusions about a party that has steadfastly held on to its ideals while in opposition only to become its worst enemy once in power. The Nepali Congress’ claim that it is the sole guardian of democracy is not without value in the wider context of international legitimacy. But for the purposes of the current elected assembly, at least, Nepali voters have made a different judgment.
The fact that the Nepali Congress remains out of the government by choice in no way diminishes its obligation to put a check on potential government highhandedness. Unwarranted zeal in this role could easily be construed as a lust for power, an allegation the party has never been able to ward off. Instead of hunting for proxies among the smaller parties and purporting to prophesize the life of the Maoist-led government, the Nepali Congress would do a far greater service to the nation by nudging everyone toward drafting the new constitution.
Geopolitically, Nepal has moved into a far more volatile phase. After becoming the world’s first democratically elected Maoist leader, Prime Minister Dahal has moved swiftly to demonstrate how it would no longer be business as usual for the country. Hours after taking the oath of office, Dahal announced he would visit China for the closing ceremonies of the Olympic Games. By breaking tradition and visiting Nepal’s northern neighbor first, the premier has riled New Delhi. When President Ram Baran Yadav cancelled plans to attend the opening ceremonies, citing domestic preoccupation, many Nepalis were quick to see New Delhi’s hand. Some Indian newspapers characterized the cancellation as a snub to China. The reverse analogy may not be accurate, but perceptions do have endurance across the southern border.
Nepal anticipated renewed geopolitical pressures ever since the Maoists surprised pundits and pollsters by their electoral surge. Ever since, Nepal’s international partners have been scrambling to calibrate their policies. The United States, which still considers the Maoists a terrorist organization, has softened somewhat. After the election results were announced, U.S. Ambassador Nancy Powell met with Dahal, opening Washington’s formal contact with the ex-rebels. The Bush administration subsequently clarified that the Maoists were on a separate list of terrorist organizations, implying they could not be equated with, say, Al Qaeda. The United States congratulated Dahal’s election as premier, but left room for speculation over whether it had actually greeted the person or the Nepali people.
Withdrawal of the terrorist tag, according to Washington, would depend on the Maoists’ behavior in power. Quietly, the Maoists seem to be listening. The Young Communist League remained virtually silent in the context of the pro-Tibet demonstrations in Kathmandu, after making a loaded threat to crush anti-Chinese activities several months before the protests began in March.
India, which once considered the Maoists terrorists but also continued to offer them sanctuary, still has mixed feelings. The Congress party government, which helped to create the alliance between mainstream parties and the Maoists, under its erstwhile leftist allies’ prodding, that toppled royal rule two years ago, hopes Nepal’s experience would encourage its own Naxalite insurgents to renounce violence and enter the mainstream. With few signs of that happening, media organizations close to New Delhi officialdom continue to highlight alleged links between the Maoists and Naxalites.
The opposition Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party, tipped to win the general elections expected next year, remains virulently anti-Maoist. One leader “proposed” that Nepal recognize Hindi as the country’s second language, close on the heels of protests against Vice-President Parmananda Jha’s decision to take the oath in that language. The BJP leader clearly ratcheted up pressure on the Maoist-led government on a sensitive front before the floods in Koshi reignited the contentious debate over water resources cooperation.
On the wider gamut of issues, including security and trade and transit, the Congress and the BJP have a general convergence of views. Both are apprehensive of the Maoists’ growing ties with China since the collapse of the royal regime. Several senior Maoist leaders have visited Beijing, while Chinese delegations continue to arrive in Nepal. The Free Tibet movement has ostensibly heightened Beijing’s sensitivities on what it has long considered a volatile frontier. But matters have moved far beyond Tibet.
Washington’s growing influence in Nepal in the name of containing the Maoists was bound to irk Beijing, which sees New Delhi as a pivotal element of a U.S.-led attempt to contain China’s peaceful rise. Professor Wang Hong-wei, who is perhaps the most prominent Chinese expert on Nepal, has been candid in his opinions. Months after claiming that the June 1, 2001 royal palace massacre was part of an international conspiracy, Wang stated that India was attempting to turn Nepal into another Sikkim or Bhutan. Considering Wang’s affiliation with the top government think tank in Beijing as well as the Chinese system of government, there is reason to believe he is speaking for his country.
India, which has long asserted its own version of the Monroe Doctrine in South Asia, remains apprehensive of Chinese motives against the wider backdrop of their dispute dating from the 1962 war. Leading Indian analysts close to the government tend to see Beijing’s activity in Nepal, as well as Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, as part of a long-term strategy to encircle their country and limit its influence. India, despite its much-vaunted convergence of views with the United States on Nepal, remains committed to guarding its traditional predominance in Nepal.
Caught in the complexities of the India-China relationship, Nepal is bound to feel jolts as elements of cooperation, competition and confrontation between the two Asian giants emerge and recede individually. While Beijing may be sympathetic to New Delhi’s deeper ties with Nepal, variables outside the Sino-Indian partnership could impel the Chinese to become more assertive. Deb Mukharji, India’s ambassador to Nepal during the escalation of the Maoist insurgency and the royal palace massacre, told a seminar in New Delhi in May that China could feel compelled to play a proactive a role in Nepal in the face of U.S. “games.”
Even if he were a seasoned chief executive, Prime Minister Dahal would be hard-pressed to handle this triangular conundrum. After the elections, he diluted his party’s earlier threats to abrogate a controversial peace and friendship treaty with India, ban Indian films and stop recruitment of Gurkha soldiers into the Indian and British armies. C.P. Gajurel, chief of the party’s international division, said the ex-insurgents would stop calling the Americans “imperialists” and the Indians “expansionists”.
In a clear overture to Beijing, Dahal insists he wants to maintain “equidistance” between China and India. But how far does Beijing trust the Maoists as steadfast allies? Speculation of a broader communist front continues to swirl despite the frostiness between the UML and the Maoists. Rumors of a broad nationalist front by including former royalists and non-communist constituencies, persist with equal fervor. Both proposals are viewed within the context of Beijing’s desire for stability after the abolition of its traditional ally. Dahal’s return from China could provide pointers to how the Maoists hope to engage with the rest of the world.
What the nation also needs to find out is whether the Maoists are capable of resisting undue external pressure. Throughout the insurgency, Maoist leaders – and Dr. Baburam Bhattarai specifically through his writings – demonstrated their grasp of this geopolitical choppiness. Much will depend on whether they also contemplated ways of steadying the ship of state.

(A version of this article appeared in the September 2008 issue of Global Nepali)

Sunday, September 21, 2008

उपलब्धि होइन, जिम्मेवारी

सञ्जय उपाध्याय

जुनसुकै कोणबाट नियाले पनि अन्ततः प्रधानमन्त्री पुष्पकमल दाहालको भारत भ्रमणको उपलब्धिलाई उनले नेकपा माओवादीको सत्तारोहणले त्यहां उब्जाएका प्रश्नहरूका बारे कत्ति आश्वस्त बनाउन सके भन्ने कुराले नै नाप्नेछ ।
भारतीय हैकमवादविरुद्ध शङ्खनाद गरी जनयुद्धमा होमिएका विद्रोही नेताकै हैसियतमा प्रधानमन्त्री दाहाल प्रस्तुत हुन त कूटनीतिको आधारभूत मान्यताले नै दिंदैनथ्यो । न त सरकारप्रमुखका हैसियतमा दाहाललाई भूमिगत जीवनबाट सार्वजनिक भएलगत्तै दिल्ली गएका बेला दर्शाएको उन्मुक्त शाब्दिक उदारता दोहोर्‍याउने छूट मिल्थ्यो । तर पनि आफ्नो सौम्यता प्रयोग गरी सबै विचारधाराका भारतीय नेताहरूको मन जित्ने प्रयासमा दाहाल निकै अगाडि रहे । यसलाई नै उपलब्धि ठान्नु कति घातक सिद्ध हुन सक्नेछ भन्ने बोध प्रधानमन्त्री र उनको दललाई नभएको पक्कै होइन ।
भ्रमणपछि जारी संयुक्त विज्ञप्तिमा नियमित र निर्दिष्ट प्रतिबद्धताहरूको सम्मिश्रण भए तापनि नेपाल-भारत सम्बन्धका पृष्ठभूमिमा त्यसलाई निरन्तरता नै मान्नुपर्ने हुन्छ । सन् १९५० को शान्ति र मैत्री सन्धिको पुनरावलोकन, नवीकरण र समायोजन गर्न व्यापार र पारवहनमा सहुलित बढाउन, जलस्रोतको व्यापकतम् विकास गर्न गरिएका प्रतिबद्धतालाई साकार पार्न संयन्त्रहरूले आफ्नै गति तय गर्लान् ।
कोसीपीडितको राहत, राजमार्ग मर्मतका लागि सहायता, खाद्यान्न र पेट्रोलियम पदार्थको निर्बिघ्न आपूर्तिजस्ता विषयहरूले राष्ट्रको तात्कालिक ध्यान खिच्नेछ । प्यूठानस्थित राप्ती नदीमा नौमुरे जलविद्युत् निर्माणमा सहयोग गर्ने भारतीय प्रतिबद्धता झट्ट हर्दा नौलो देखिए पनि प्रधानमन्त्रीको भ्रमणको उपलब्धि भनेर मान्नुपर्ने कारण छैन । त्यसको चर्चा कुनै न कुनै रूपमा भइरहेकै थियो ।
भ्रमणको उपलब्धिभन्दा पनि त्यसले दिएको जिम्मेवारी महत्त्वपूर्ण बनेको छ । २०४६ सालको परविर्तनपछि प्रधानमन्त्री कृष्णप्रसाद भट्टर्राई, गिरिजप्रसाद कोइराला र मनमोहन अधिकारीको भारत भ्रमणपछि जारी विज्ञप्तिहरू निकै भद्र शब्दावलीमा रचिएका थिए । झट्ट हर्दा तिनले आसन्न विवादहरूको पूर्वाभास दिएका थिएनन् । 'साझा नदी'को दलदलमा फस्न गए पनि अन्तरिम प्रधानमन्त्री भट्टर्राईले निर्वाचित सरकारलाई दीर्घकालीन महत्त्वका विषयहरू छोड्न पाएका थिए । कोइरालाको भ्रमणकालमा जनाइएका कति प्रतिबद्धताहरू साकार भए पनि टनकपुरमा तटबन्ध बनाउने कुरा नेपाललाई बाढीबाट जोगाउने उपकारवादी आवरणमा सिंगारिएको थियो ।
टनकपुर काण्डले नेपाली राजनीतिलाई रन्थनाएपछि त्यसका गल्तीलाई सुधार्ने प्रणका साथ बृहत् महाकाली पुलिन्दा प्रधानमन्त्री अधिकारीको भ्रमणपछि आयो । शेरबहादुर देउवाको संयुक्त सरकारले संसद्बाट सन्धिको अनुमोदन गराई छ महिनामा निस्कने भनिएको विस्तृत परियोजना प्रतिवेदनको नाक-मुख देख्न अहिलेसम्म पाइएको छैन ।
त्यसमाथि सरोकारवाला भारतीय राज्य उत्तर प्रदेशबाट उत्तराखण्ड चोइटियो । ती राज्यहरू प्राकृतिक स्रोत र सम्पदाको बांडफांटको खिचातानीमा लिप्त भइरहंदा हामीहरू विद्युत् बेच्ने सपना देख्न छाडेका छैनौै । महाकाली भने अविरल बगिरहेको छ । अझ ताजा कुरा गर्ने हो भने शाही सरकारको पतनपछि दिल्ली पुग्दा एसियाकै राजनेता भनी सम्मानित प्रधानमन्त्री कोइरालाको भ्रमणपश्चात् घोषित 'हिमालयन मार्सल प्लान' त पग्लेर कता बिलायो कता ।
हर्र्दै जाउं, अहिले पेट्रोलियम पदार्थको आपूर्तिलाई निरन्तरता दिनका लागि छुट्याइएको ऋणले कत्तिको त्राण देला । भारतीय आयल निगमले बक्यौताको खिचलो निकाल्दा यो कुरा मिलाउन नयां दिल्लीले सकेको भए अहिलेको प्रतिबद्धतालाई आसन्न सुपुर्दगी सन्धिसंग जोडेर हेर्ेन नेपालीहरू विवश हुनुपर्ने थिएनन् ।
१९५० को सन्धिको पुनरावलोकन हुनुपर्ने नेपाली चाहनालाई तत्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री मनमोहन अधिकारीले उठाउंदा नयां दिल्ली केही सहिष्णु बनिदिएको भए अहिलेको हृदय परविर्तनलाई हामीले ग्रेटर नेपाल र गोर्खाल्यान्ड प्रसङ्गसित जोडेर शङ्कालु बन्नु पर्ने थिएन ।
सो सन्धिमा हामीलाई अहितकर लागेका सामरकि, सुरक्षा र राजनीतिक पाटालाई परिवर्तन गर्दा नेपालको भूपरिवेष्ठित अवस्थितिसित प्रत्यक्ष रूपले सरोकार राख्ने आर्थिक पाटा सुनिश्चित गर्ने बखतमा त ०४६ सालकै अनुभवले पिरोल्ला । भारतले जनान्दोलन उर्त्र्सगमा पुग्न लाग्दा राजा वीरेन्द्रतर्फ तेर्साएको एकीकृत मस्यौदा सन्धिकै संस्करण प्रधानमन्त्री भट्टर्राईसमक्ष प्रस्तुत गरेको थियो ।
छुच्चो भएर नेपालले भारतसंग सधै सबै कुरा लिन मात्र खोजेको आक्षेप नलागोस् । हामीसंग दिने कुराहरू नै पनि त सीमित छन् । भारतीय सुरक्षाप्रति संवेदनशील हुंदाहुदै पनि छाती खोल्न परिस्थितिले दिंदोरहेनछ । भारतसंग नेपालको खुला सीमालाई हाम्रो उत्तरी छिमेकीले आफ्नो राष्ट्रिय सुरक्षासंग गांसेर हर्न थालेको यथार्थ त नयां दिल्लीले बुझ्नुपर्ने हो ।
राजतन्त्रलाई मौका पाउनेबित्तिकै चिनिया तुरूप देखाएर आफूहरूलाई धम्काउन खोजेको भनेर उफ्रने मध्येकै केही प्रतिष्ठित भारतीय अध्येताहरू गणतन्त्रात्मक नेपाल चीनमुखी भयो भनेर टाउको ठटाउन छाडेका छैनन् । नेपाली रहर र बाध्यता छुट्याउन नखोजेर सुरक्षा संवेदनशीलतामा एकाधिकार खोज्ने प्रवृत्ति अरूमा रहुन्जेल हाम्रा आश्वासनले के नै गर्नसक्छ ।

(नेपाल राष्टिय साप्ताहिक, असोज ५, २०६५)

Sunday, September 07, 2008

आशङ्का र अव्यवस्थाको चक्र

सञ्जय उपाध्याय

शान्ति प्रक्रियालाई छ महिनाभित्र तार्किक निष्कर्षमा पुर्‍याउने प्रधानमन्त्री पुष्पकमल दाहालले अठोट गरेलगत्तै उपप्रधानमन्त्रीले शान्तिसुरक्षाको स्थिति त्यही समयतालिकाभित्र सुधार्ने प्रण गरे । केही दिनपछि रक्षामन्त्रीले सेना समायोजन छ महिनाभित्र भइसक्ने बताए । त्यसपछि अर्थमन्त्रीले राजनीतिक क्रान्ति करबिकरबि सफल भइसकेको हुनाले मुलुकले अब आर्थिक क्रान्ति सुरु गर्नुपर्ने मनसाय व्यक्त गरे।
राज्यले सुनिश्चित गर्नुपर्ने दैनिक अमनचैनजस्तो आधारभूत वा सेना समायोजनजस्तो संवेदनशील विषयकै दायराभित्र शान्ति प्रक्रियालाई बांध्ने उद्देश्य हाम्रा सत्तासीन नेताहरूको पक्कै होइन । विभागीय मन्त्रीहरू त अझ जनताका सामु आफूहरूमा उत्तरदायित्वबोध प्रबल रहेको सन्देश दिन व्यग्र पनि होलान् ।
असहमतिहरूको समायोजन नै शान्ति प्रक्रियाका रूपमा देख्दै आएका आममानिसलाई त्यस्ता अभिव्यक्तिहरूले रनभुल्लमा पारिदिएको हुनुपर्छ । राजतन्त्रको समाप्तिबाहेक नयां नेपालको प्रारम्भिक स्वरूपभित्र पुरानो मुलुकका सबै गुण र विशेषता विद्यमान छन् । नयां सरकारको साझा न्यूनतम कार्यक्रममा गरिएका अधिकांश प्रतिबद्धताहरूसंग पञ्चायतकालदेखि नै परिचित रहंदै आएका नेपालीहरूको जमात हरक्षेत्रमा व्याप्त छ ।
नेपालको विशिष्ट परिवेशमाझ भूराजनीतिले दिएको झट्काले पृथक् विचारधारा भएका राजनीतिक शक्तिहरूलाई एकीकृत हुंदै परविर्तन तर्फ उन्मुख गरायो । त्यसले जन्माएको आशङ्का र अव्यवस्थाको विषम चक्र फनफनी घुमिरहेका बेला सत्तासीन जिम्मेवार तहबाट लोकप्रियताको मात्रै खोजी हुनु कति नै बुद्धिमानी ठहरिएला । उता मन्त्रिपरिषद्को गठनसंगै त्यसको आयुको अड्कलबाजी सुरु भइसकेको अवस्थामा सरकारको राजनीतिक एवम् प्रशासनिक चुस्तीमा ह्रास आउनु अस्वाभाविक भएन ।
बदलिएको परिस्थितिमा आ-आफ्नो अधिकतम् भूमिका र प्रभाव सुनिश्चित गर्नका लागि प्रमुख राजनीतिक दलहरू तत्पर छन् । सत्तासीन दलहरू सरकारमा सहभागिताको कुरालाई लिएर आन्तरकि विवादमा फस्नुका पछाडि सैद्धान्तिक र रणनीतिक पाटाहरू नभएका होइनन् । तर, झगडालाई सत्ताका लागि सौदाबाजी भनेर बुझ्नुपर्ने बाध्यता राजनीतिक दलहरूका विगतले नै बनाइदिएको छ ।
नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस प्रतिपक्षमा बसेर आफ्नो भविष्य बनाउनतिर लागेजस्तो पनि देखिन्छ । अनि, सरकारमा नरहेको व्यथा पनि बेलाबेला पोख्छ । आफूलाई सधैं राजतन्त्र र कम्युनिस्टविरुद्ध एकैसाथ लडिरहनुपरेको महसुस गर्ने दललाई गणतन्त्रको आगमनले केही राहत दिएको होला । तर, राजतन्त्रको समाप्तिले काङ्ग्रेसका सम्पूर्ण् प्रतिद्वन्द्वीहरूलाई पनि एउटै निसाना ताक्ने सुविधा प्रदान गरेको छ ।
नयांपनलाई अंगाल्दै अदालतले कुमारीको आधारभूत मानव अधिकार सुनिश्चित गरिनुुपर्छ भन्ने आदेश दिएझैं अन्य परम्परा र संस्कृतिसंग गांसिएका विषयहरूमा प्रवेश गर्ला । तर, राष्ट्रिय पुनःनिर्माणका लागि अत्यावश्यक राष्ट्रिय सदाचार सुनिश्चित गर्न उसले पनि के नै गर्न सक्ला र । सरकारद्वारा नियुक्त आयोगहरू, गैरसरकारी संस्थाहरू एवम् सञ्चारजगत्ले पनि खबरदारी गर्नेसम्म हो । तर, व्यक्तिगत र पेसागत स्वतन्त्रताजस्ता विषयहरूलाई छाड्ने हो भने उनीहरू पनि केका विरुद्ध खबरदारी गर्ने भन्ने अन्योलमा देखिन्छन् ।
केही गर्न सक्ने निकाय भनेको जनादेशप्राप्त संविधानसभा नै हो । सभाले अन्तरमि संसद्को काम गरे पनि त्यसको प्रमुख दायित्व नयां संविधान निर्माण गर्नु हो । अन्तरमि व्यवस्थापिकाको हैसियतमा सभाले सङ्क्रमणकालको व्यवस्थापन गर्ने हो । त्यसका दुइ आधार अन्तरिम संविधान र बृहत् शान्ति सम्झौता नै हुन् ।
अन्तरमि संविधानका शब्द र मर्मले पनि सम्बोधन गर्न नभ्याएका विषयहरूमा गतिरोध तोड्न त्यसमा आवश्यक संशोधन गर्ने परिपाटी बसिसकेको छ भने शान्ति सम्झौतालाई पनि पटकपटकका सहमतिहरूद्वारा पुनःभाषित गर्ने गरिएको छ । सभा अध्यक्ष र सदस्यहरूले पटकपटक संविधान निर्माण प्रक्रियामा प्रवेश गर्न भइरहेको ढिलाइ दोस्रो दर्जाको समाचार बनेको छ ।
नयां नेपालको संरचना र स्वरूप जेजस्तो भए पनि परविर्तन भनेको अविरल प्रक्रिया नै हो । आज उपेक्षित मानिएका समूहहरूको समावेशीकरणले प्रतिनिधित्वको मुद्दा समाप्त हुने छैन । गणतन्त्र आएकै भरमा परम्परागत रूपले राज्यबाट लाभान्वित समूहहरूबाट प्रतिक्षेपको सम्भावना समाप्त भएको छैन । प्रमुख दलहरूको नेतृत्व तहमै यस्ता वर्ग र समुदायको बाहुल्य छंदैछ । सबै दलमा नवप्रवेशीका रूपमा पनि यो समूह उपस्थित भएको छ ।
विगतसंग सम्बन्धबिच्छेद गर्नुभन्दा गाह्रो गन्तव्य पहिल्याउनु भएको कुरा मुलुक हांक्नेहरूलाई थाहा नभएको होइन । तर, सरकार प्रत्येक कदममा विवादित हुने अनि प्रतिपक्षले होच्याउने क्रम जारी रहंदासम्म राजनीति अल्पदृष्टिले ग्रस्त हुनुपर्नेछ । राष्ट्रको र्सार्वभौमिक अस्मिता एकातिर विदेशी शक्तिहरूका आग्रह र आकाङ्क्षाले सङ्कुचित गर्दैछन् भने अर्कोतर्फसरकारी रिक्ततामाझ मौलाएका आपराधिक समूहहरूले त्यसमा प्रहार गर्ने क्रम जारी छ ।
त्यसैले पनि होला, मुलुक यति अगाडि आइसक्दा पनि एकदलीय अधिनायकवाद, सैनिक शासन, राष्ट्रिय विखण्डन, राजतन्त्रको पुनःस्थापना र प्रत्यक्ष वैदेशिक हस्तक्षेपजस्ता नितान्त चरम सम्भावनाहरू राष्ट्रिय बहसका अभिन्न अङ्ग बनेका छन् ।

(नेपाल राष्टिय साप्ताहिक, भदौ २२, २०६५)

Saturday, September 06, 2008

Birth Of A Republic: Stories Behind The Story

By Sanjay Upadhya
The idea that the deep unpopularity of Nepal’s last monarch became the greatest catalyst for republicanism has an alluring pithiness. But tight headlines and terse nut-graphs cannot tell what is, by any measure, a far more complex story. The Nepalese political discourse has been dominated by incessant criticism – justified as well as inflated – of the palace. This singular obsession with former king Gyanendra’s “excesses” and the monarchy’s inherently “anti-democratic” proclivities creates a warped picture of the past. More importantly, it obstructs the extrapolation of valuable pointers for an increasingly uncertain future.
Contrary to conventional wisdom, the monarchy was not always the preponderant national institution during its 240-year existence. The death of Prithvi Narayan Shah, seven years after the founding of the Nepalese state, led to a weakening of the monarchy. A succession of minor kings left rival royal factions competing for power. The loss of a third of the nation’s territory in a debilitating war with the British only fueled the feuds. From the bloodletting rose the Ranas, who oversaw the eclipse of the monarchy for over a century.
Nepal’s foray into modernity in the 1950s revealed the new contradictions the monarchy would reign atop. The overthrow of the Rana regime, hailed as the dawn of democracy, ended up consolidating the monarchy. The inauguration of Nepal’s first elected government precipitated a battle of wills in which the palace prevailed over the Nepali Congress. Royal preponderance reached its zenith during the three decades following King Mahendra’s dismissal of Prime Minister B.P. Koirala’s government and abolition of multiparty democracy.
The incongruity of an impoverished nation having to finance an expensive institution was ideologically anathema to the communists. Yet the communists, whom the palace considered a counterweight to the Nepali Congress, prospered the most during 30 years of palace-led nonparty rule. The Nepali Congress, for its part, saw a constitutional monarchy as a bulwark against a preponderance of the left. Yet it made attempts on the lives of two kings.
The restoration of multiparty democracy in 1990 was expected to put Nepal irrevocably on the path of democratic modernity. Barely six years later, an avowedly republican Maoist insurgency helped the palace to gradually consolidate its position. International and regional powers, mindful of such internal contradictions, considered the palace the fulcrum of stability. India and the United States – the world’s two most prominent democratic republics – joined communist China to support the monarchy.
That compact was shaken – more internally than internationally – by the June 2001 Narayanhity massacre. The carnage dealt a grievous blow to the monarchy from multiple directions. It ended any halo of divinity surrounding the monarchy. The notion that the king was the guardian of the nation exploded with the bursts of gunfire. Nepalis were reminded of the history of bloodshed and machinations associated with palace politics.
The shady reputations of the new monarch and the heir apparent, coupled with swirling suspicions of their role in the palace massacre, could hardly provide a promising beginning. Yet the political parties lay discredited by their own performance and the Maoists had little to offer politically. A wary political class as well as public watched King Gyanendra’s moves to strengthen the palace’s role. Still, the royal interventions of October 2002 and February 2005 failed to rouse the people into vigorous opposition. Within Nepal, the two events were considered part of a continuum. Geopolitically, they were different. The contrast revealed an essential truism of Nepalese politics. International and regional powers, with their competing interests in and expectations from Nepal, have precipitated political changes.
When King Gyanendra dismissed an elected prime minister in 2002 for failing to hold elections on schedule, India and the United States seemed generally content. China maintained its characteristic silence. Over the preceding years, Western governments and international donors had been growing increasingly critical of the infighting, corruption and mismanagement that had gripped the polity. Their representatives in Kathmandu had become increasingly explicit in voicing those concerns.
The 2005 royal takeover, on the other hand, instantly infuriated the Indians and Americans, while the Chinese, again, professed non-interference. Yet Beijing’s anxiety was clear. A series of palace-appointed premiers had failed to quell the Maoist insurgency, prompting greater Indian as well as American military involvement. New Delhi’s own discomfort with American activism was palpable. Allowing the Maoists to triumph over the state would have grave implications for India’s Maoist insurgency.

Cautious China
Chinese apprehensions ran deeper. The Nepalese rebels’ wholesale discrediting of Mao Zedong’s reputation was intolerable enough, something Beijing expressed with great candor. It was not hard to fathom how a total Maoist triumph could energize restive populations in the Chinese hinterland deprived of a part of the post-Mao economic miracle. The prospect of Nepal’s inexorable drift toward the Indian-American camp carried grave implications for China’s soft underbelly, Tibet. On the eve of the 2005 royal takeover, Nepal shut down the local offices of the principal Tibet-related organizations. The event was thus cast as a pro-Chinese initiative.
Far from extending full support to the royal regime, however, the Chinese remained cautious. Prime Minister Wen Jiabao skipped Nepal during his South Asian tour, sending his foreign minister to Kathmandu instead. King Gyanendra’s anticipated visit to China to mark the 50th anniversary of bilateral ties did not materialize. The Indians succeeded in preventing the Americans from striking a separate deal with the palace. New Delhi, for its part, was negotiating with the king. It bailed out Nepal from massive censure at the UN Human Right Conference in Geneva and dangled the promise of a resumption of military – and perhaps even political –assistance.
A section of the Indian establishment always considered the monarchy the problem and found a conducive political alignment in New Delhi. The communist parties backing the ruling Indian coalition took the lead and moved swiftly to bring the Maoists and mainstream parties in an anti-palace alliance. The Indian army and internal security apparatus, insistent on helping the king and the Nepalese army, was not pleased, as a series of leaks in the Indian media showed. This conflict emboldened the royal government, which sought to internationalize its fight against the Maoists by linking it to the global war on terror. On the ground, it went after the mainstream parties without being able to dent the rebels. New Delhi checkmated the king by facilitating a ceasefire on the eve of his attempt to raise the insurgency at the United Nations General Assembly.
The monarch responded by spearheading a campaign to secure China’s position as an observer in South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. The move came amid China’s drive to block India from regional initiatives in East Asia. In New Delhi, the palace’s brazen flaunting of the “China card” hardened critics and alienated the remaining supporters of the king. The Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and the Maoist rebels hurriedly signed the 12-point pact to bring down the royal regime.
The collaboration energized the Nepalese masses. The opportunity for peace and stability after years of bloodletting and instability was too enticing to squander. As anti-palace demonstrations picked up speed, India sent a royal relative, Karan Singh, as an emissary. The king’s invitation to the SPA to form the next government won instant praise from New Delhi, Washington and London. It failed to quell the protests. For the republican camp within Nepal and outside, the public defiance served to expose the depth of anti-monarchism.
The collapse of the royal regime led to a swift and systematic clipping of the palace’s powers. Still, a republican Nepal was not a done deal. The next phase – the suspension of the monarchy after the enactment of the interim constitution – morphed in line with a careful power play. A precipitous de-monarchization of the nation was precluded by the imponderables involved. The true nature of Nepalese public opinion vis-à-vis the monarchy, the loyalty of the army and the Maoists’ real commitment to the democratic process remained unknown. What was obvious was not inspiring: the mainstream parties’ poor record of governance.
Yet for India, mainstreaming the Maoists had become a matter of national security. The insurgency launched by Indian Maoists, or Naxalites, was spreading fast. The Naxalites were in no position to overwhelm the state, but they risked exacerbating India’s already grave internal security challenge. Engaging the Nepalese Maoists in the peace process through incremental carrots was tied to India’s plan to tame the Naxalites.

Faith-based Initiative?
For influential international quarters, King Gyanendra became too much of a liability. He continued to insist that he had seized power in good faith, adding that the effort failed because of “several factors”. The caveat could not have been lost on India. For the democratic West, the monarch’s overt tilt toward China was inexcusable enough. His espousal of the Hinduism mantle, with a fervor surpassing that of any of his predecessors, was tantamount to insolence. While Christian organizations had not listed Nepal high on the list of persecutor nations, many called it one of the most unreached nations for the Gospel. A Hindu monarch in a secular nation was far from tenable.
There were scattered reports of contacts in Delhi between the Maoists and Christian groups – some suggesting financial transactions – but they mostly emanated from the Hindu nationalist spectrum of the Indian media. Given the Maoists’ record of successfully using secondary adversaries to accomplish their immediate ends, the convergence of interest was plausible.
Had Crown Prince Paras enjoyed a better public image, forcing King Gyanendra to abdicate in favor of his son might have been an option. Passing the crown to Paras’s son, Hridayendra, would have mollified royalists. For the country, it meant a return of regency. King Gyanendra, more than anyone else, understood what this would mean for the monarchy. He dismissed calls for abdication made by Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala and others.
Publicly, the international community shunned the monarch. Privately they maintained channels. One reason was China’s swift move to build ties with the Maoists. The arrival of a modern high-speed train to the Tibetan capital Lhasa had greatly improved China’s access to Nepal. Nepal’s open border to the south exposed the Indian heartland to what many analysts there considered an enhanced military threat from China. The Terai erupted in violence against centuries of injustices inflicted by the hillspeople. The specific assurances foreign governments sought from the palace in exchange for the retention of some form of monarch remains unknown.
Clearly, the second amendment to the interim constitution, which declared Nepal a republic subject to an elected assembly’s ratification, was intended as a carrot and a stick for the palace. The monarch found more time to reconsider his options. To pre-empt any royal assertiveness, the statute also provided for the removal of the monarchy by two-thirds majority of the interim parliament. This ultimatum failed to influence the king but vitiated the political climate for the palace.
Previously, the Maoists and the mainstream parties – for their own interests – had made a distinction between the institution of the monarchy and individual kings. If Mahendra and Gyanendra were denounced as autocrats, Birendra and Tribhuvan, in their estimation, fared better as liberals. But now statues of Prithvi Narayan Shah were being demolished. Paradoxically, those committed to preserving Nepal’s sovereignty and territorial integrity viewed the state as the culmination of unjust wars of aggressions. Supporters of some form of monarchy in the Nepali Congress attempted to frame the discussion in different ways. The fear of being perceived as royalists in a ruling alliance heavily dominated by republicans dissuaded them. Moreover, royalist parties like the Rastriya Prajatantra Party and the Rastriya Janashakti Party had become monarchy neutral.
Opinion polls up to the run-up to the elections showed that half the country wanted to retain some form of monarchy. A referendum would have put the issue to rest. Victory would have permitted King Gyanendra to recreate the monarchy in his own image. A defeat would have allowed him to depart as a democrat.
Many expected the king to resist the republic declaration. The inability of the ruling alliance to agree on the precise structure of the presidency as well as power sharing up to the first meeting of constituent assembly suggested as much. Whether royal defiance would have succeeded is a different thing altogether. Ultimately, the ex-king saw the overwhelming assembly vote in favor of a republic as the best expression of the popular will under the circumstances which he and his predecessors always invoked.
The monarchy had been central to the policies of the three major international stakeholders in Nepal. The Maoists took in royalists reportedly on the advice of the Chinese to bolster a nationalist front. A Maoist-UML alliance could go a far way toward mollifying Beijing. For New Delhi, the Nepali Congress and the three Madhesi parties could provide succor. Washington, which began its own rapprochement with the Maoists after their electoral success, perhaps sees the military as the backbone of a non-communist front.
The presence of the ex-monarch within the country would probably help stabilize politics in the same way the return of Zahir Shah, Afghanistan former king, helped the Hamid Karzai government find its footing. With the end of the monarchy, a new quest for internal and regional equilibrium has begun.

(A version of this article appeared in the August 2008 inaugural issue of Global Nepali)

Sunday, August 24, 2008

नयां चरणका नौला चुनौती

सञ्जय उपाध्याय

जनमतद्वारा स्थापित प्रमुख चार राजनीतिक दलहरूबीच राज्यका महत्त्वपूर्ण पदहरूको बांडफांट भइसकेपछि नेपालीहरूलाई अन्योलपूर्ण यात्राको नयां चरणमा हिंड्नुको विकल्प रहेन । मन्त्रालयहरूको बांडफांट गरी सरकारलाई पूर्णता दिनसकेपछि पनि शङ्का र असमझदारीमा लिप्त सत्तारुढ नेकपा माओवादी, नेकपा एमाले र मधेसी जनअधिकार फोरमका बीच हानथाप जारी रहला नै ।
जनमानसमा भने अघि बढ्नु अपरिहार्य र निर्विकल्प दुवै रहेको ज्ञानले बेग्लै खालको कौतूहल बढाएको छ । विशेष गरी १० वर्षो भीषण 'जनयुद्ध'को समाप्तिपछि पनि उद्दण्ड देखिन नछाडेका माओवादीहरूले नेतृत्व गरेको सरकारले कस्तो व्यवहार गर्ला भन्ने सर्वत्र उत्सुकता बढेको छ ।
निर्वाचित सभामा कुनै पनि दलको बहुमत नहुंदा खेलिने खेलका बारे कमै नेपाली अनभिज्ञ छन् । तीतो विगतको आंशिक पुनरावृत्ति राष्ट्रपति र प्रधानमन्त्री निर्वाचनका समयमा मुलुकले देख्यो र भोग्यो । तर, वर्तमान सभाको संविधान पनि लेख्नुपर्ने अभिभारा भएकाले र्सवसाधारणले केही न केही नौलोपनको अपेक्षा पनि गरेका छन् ।
सरोकारवालाहरूका बीच सहमति बनेको र टुटेकामा जति चर्चा-परचिर्चा रहने गरे पनि समग्र मुलुकका सामु अर्कै यथार्थ छ । टुटेको गठबन्धनकै अर्को पाटो हुने गरेको छ नया“ समीकरण । यहां अन्तरमि सरकार र संसद्का बेला नेपालीहरूले बटुलेका अनुभवले भन्दा पनि आधारभूत वास्तविकता मुखरति भएको छ । राजतन्त्रको उन्मूलनको साझा कार्यक्रममा एकीकृत भएका दलहरू गणतन्त्रको आगमनसंगै आ-आफ्नो बाटो लाग्नु एक हदसम्म स्वाभाविक थियो । नयां नेपालका बारेमा एउटै दलभित्र क्षेत्र, वर्ग र पुस्ताबीच मतैक्य नभएको अवस्थामा सहमतिको नाराको कति नै मूल्य रहला - त्यसमाथि बहुदलीय प्रतिस्पर्धाका आधारमा चल्ने पद्धतिमा सहमति एउटा परिणाम हुनसक्छ, पूर्वसर्त होइन ।
अहिलेसम्म सरकारमा सहभागी भएर माओवादीहरूले पृथक् पहिचान बनाएको देख्न नपाएका जनसमुदायका लागि नयां सरकारका हरेक क्रियाकलाप बढी चाखलाग्दा हुनेछन् । आफ्नै दलभित्रका केही पक्षको खपतका लागि माओवादी नेताहरूले जनगणतन्त्र नै अन्तिम लक्ष्य रहेको प्रतिबद्धता बेलाबखत दोहोर्‍याउने गर्लान् । यसलाई एकदलीय तानाशाही लाद्ने दुष्प्रयासका रूपमा भन्दा पनि माओवादीहरूको लोकतान्त्रिक रूपान्तरणको जटिलताका रूपमा बुझ्नुपर्ने सल्लाह बांकी मुलुकले पाउला ।
आफूहरूद्वारा नै चित्रित अर्धसामन्ती र अर्धऔपनिवेशिक मुलुकका सीमितताहरूभित्रका सम्भावनाहरू पहिल्याउने जिम्मेदारी माओवादीहरूका कांधमा आइपरेको छ । मुलुकले आर्थिक रूपले धान्नै नसक्ने तर राजनीतिक रूपले आकर्ष कार्यक्रमहरूको घोषणा गरेर प्रधानमन्त्री पुष्पकमल दाहाललाई लोकप्रियता आर्जन गर्न सजिलो पर्ला । तर, माओवादीहरू स्वयम्लाई सरकारको नेतृत्व सम्हालिसकेपछि अपजसजति अरूमाथि थोपर्ने विलासिता रहने छैन भन्ने कुराको पूर्ण ज्ञान छ । सत्तारुढ अन्य दलहरूबाट हुनसक्ने असहयोग खप्ने उत्तरदायित्व पनि प्रधानमन्त्रीकै हुने यथार्थ माओवादीहरूलाई कोइराला सरकारमा रहंदा नै अनुभव भएको हुनुपर्दछ । अन्य दलहरू पनि एकपल्ट त्यसरी हतियार उठाइसकेको दललाई चेपुवामा पार्दा त्यसले लिने रक्षात्मक अडानका सम्भावित परिणामका बारेमा सतर्क छन् ।
नेपाली काङ्ग्रेसले अरूलाई भन्दा बढी आफूलाई माओवादीको असली नियतको जानकारी र चिन्ता भएको सन्देश दिन खोजेको देखिन्छ । काङ्ग्रेसले आफू सत्ता संरचनाभन्दा बाहिर रहेकामा दुखेसो नपोख्दा नै मुलुकलाई भलो हुने थियो । संवैधानिक र कानुनी दृष्टिले राष्ट्रपति रामवरण यादवको काङ्ग्रेससंग कुनै औपचारकि सम्बन्ध नहोला । तर, उनी लामो समयसम्म नेपाली काङ्ग्रेसका एक जुझारु नेता थिए भन्ने कुरा बिर्सन मिल्दैन । त्यही हैसियतमा उनले तत्कालीन राजतन्त्रदेखि अन्य दलहरूका बारे खरो धारणा बनाएका थिए । कतिपय प्रसङ्गमा त्यस्ता धारणाहरू सार्वजनिक रूपमै अघि सार्ने गरेका थिए । काङ्ग्रेसकै महामन्त्रीका रूपमा यादव राष्ट्रपतीय उम्मेदवार बनेका थिए । गणतान्त्रिक अभ्यासमा खारिएका मुलुकहरूमा यो राजनीतिक पक्ष त्यति महत्त्वपूर्णहुने थिएन होला । तर, राज्यका सम्पूर्ण अङ्गको राजनीतीकरण भइहाल्ने हाम्रो परम्परा एकातिर छ भने निर्वाचित राष्ट्रप्रमुखको अनुभव पनि हामीसंग छंदै छैन ।
अप्रसन्नतालाई जति सैद्धान्तिक आवरण दिन खोजे पनि पुरानो पार्टी भएकै नाताले काङ्ग्रेसलाई धेरैले नजिकबाट चिन्न पाएका छन् । नयां नेपालतर्फको यात्रामा लागिएको छ भन्दैमा अतीतलाई बिर्सन सक्ने क्षमता कमैमा होला । सत्ताबाहिर रहदा आदर्शका कुरा गर्ने अनि सत्तामा छंदा आफ्नै सरकार गिराउन पनि पछि नपर्ने काङ्ग्रेसी प्रवृत्ति धेरैले भुलेका छैनन् । बहुमतप्राप्त सरकार अन्तर्गत एउटै मन्त्रालयका मन्त्री र राज्यमन्त्रीले सार्वजनिक रूपमा भ्रष्टाचारको आक्षेप साटासाट गरेर राजीनामा गर्नुपरेको प्रसङ्गले पनि जनतालाई स्वतन्त्र मूल्याङ्कन गर्न प्रशस्त आधार दिएको छ ।
आफूलाई मात्र नेपालको पूर्ण लोकतान्त्रिक शक्ति भएको दाबी गर्दै सरकारको आयु यति र उति हुनेछ भनेर रट लगाउनुभन्दा नयां संविधान बनाउने काममा लागेर नेपाली काङ्ग्रेसले त्यसलाई प्रमाणित गर्न खोज्नु मुलुकका लागि बढी हितकारी हुनेछ ।

(नेपाल राष्टिय साप्ताहिक, भदौ ८, २०६५)

Tuesday, August 19, 2008

From The Jungles To Geopolitics

By Sanjay Upadhya
After becoming the world’s first democratically elected Maoist leader, Nepali Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal has moved swiftly to show how it will no longer be business as usual for the Himalayan nation.
Hours after taking the oath of office on August 18, Dahal announced he would visit China for the closing ceremonies of the Olympic Games. This may not sound like a revolutionary move, until you consider that no Nepali leader has ever visited China before visiting India, the traditionally influential neighbor to the south. When President Ram Baran Yadav cancelled plans earlier this month to attend the opening ceremonies, citing domestic preoccupation, some Nepalis saw New Delhi’s hand. Some Indian newspapers characterized the cancellation as a snub to China.
Nepal anticipated renewed geopolitical pressures ever since the Maoists, who entered the peace process after a decade-long bloody insurgency against the monarchy, surprised pundits and pollsters by winning the largest number of seats in the constitutional assembly. That body abolished the 240-year-old monarchy in May, sparking a struggle for power among key political parties. Nepal’s international partners, meanwhile, have been scrambling to adjust their policies.
The United States, which still considers the Maoists a terrorist organization, has softened its stance. After the election results were announced, U.S. Ambassador Nancy Powell met with Dahal, opening Washington’s formal contact with the ex-rebels. The Bush administration subsequently clarified that the Maoists were on a separate list of terrorist organizations, implying they could not be equated with, say, Al Qaeda. Withdrawal of the terrorist tag, according to Washington, would depend on the Maoists’ behavior in power.
India, which once considered the Maoists terrorists but also gave them sanctuary, has mixed feelings. The Congress party government, which helped to create the alliance between mainstream parties and the Maoists that toppled royal rule two years ago, hopes Nepal’s experience would encourage its own Maoist insurgents to renounce violence and enter the mainstream.
The opposition Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party, tipped to win the general elections expected next year, was a supporter of the monarchy and remains virulently anti-Maoist. It has urged the Nepali government to recognize Hindi as one of the official languages. That suggestion is likely to alienate many Nepalis, who organized days of protest against Vice-President Parmananda Jha’s decision to take the oath in Hindi.
Both major Indian parties are apprehensive of the Maoists’ growing ties with China. A traditional supporter of the monarchy, Beijing had provided arms to the royal government to crush an insurgency that the Chinese said had tarnished the reputation of Mao Zedong. Following the collapse of the royal government, the Chinese moved swiftly to build ties with the former rebels. Several senior Maoist leaders have visited Beijing, as Chinese delegations continue to arrive in Nepal.
The pro-Tibet demonstrations gripping Kathmandu almost daily since March has heightened Beijing’s sensitivities on what it has long considered a volatile frontier. International human rights groups have attributed Nepal’s crackdown on those protests to sustained pressure from the Chinese. Rejecting those charges, Beijing blames non-Tibetan supporters of the Dalai Lama for fanning the unrest.
Prime Minister Dahal, who emerged in public only two years ago from decades in hiding, has little foreign policy experience. After the elections, he diluted his party’s earlier threats to abrogate a controversial peace and friendship treaty with India, ban Indian films and stop recruitment of Gurkha soldiers into the Indian and British armies. C.P. Gajurel, chief of the party’s international division, said the ex-insurgents would stop calling the Americans “imperialists” and the Indians “expansionists”.
Dahal insists he wants to maintain “equidistance” between China and India. That statement may have pleased the Chinese, but it has raised skepticism in New Delhi, which believes it shares “special relations” with Nepal based on a common religious and cultural heritage. Many in India, which has long asserted its own version of the Monroe Doctrine in South Asia, remain apprehensive of Chinese motives against the wider backdrop of their border dispute dating from the 1962 war. They tend to see Beijing’s activity in Nepal, as well as Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, as part of a long-term strategy to encircle their country and limit its influence.
In seeking to strike the right balance between the two regional giants, the Maoists inherit a challenge every ruler has confronted since the mid-18th century monarch Prithvi Narayan Shah united dozens of principalities into the modern Nepali state.

Sunday, August 10, 2008

माओवादीसंग जोडिएको भविष्य

सञ्जय उपाध्याय
नेपाली राजनीतिले सोझो बाटो समाउला भनी आशा गर्नु अब व्यर्थ झै भएको छ। महत्त्वपूर्ण निर्णयहरु मुलुकले लिने गरेको त छ तर धेरै अनिश्चय र असमन्जसपछि मात्र। यसलाई कुनै दल वा पात्रविशेषको आग्रह-पूर्वाग्रहको उपज नभएर शान्ति प्रक्रियाको जराबाटै निःसृत यथार्थ भनी बुझ्न उपयुक्त हुन्छ।
नयां दिल्लीमा हस्ताक्षरति १२ बुंदे समझदारीको प्रमुख दुइ लक्ष्य दरबारको 'दम्भ' तोड्नु र माओवादीहरूको दांत फुकाल्नु रहेको उतिबेलै प्रस्ट थियो। लोकतन्त्रको स्थापना कुन तहको प्राथमिकतामा परेको रहेछ भनी बुझ्न त हस्ताक्षरकर्ताहरूलाई आफ्नै अनुभवले सहज बनाइदिएको थियो।
२०५९ असोज १८ पछि सशक्त आन्दोलनमा उत्रन सबभन्दा सक्षम नेकपा एमालेले बेमौसमको महाधिवेशनतिर लाग्न दक्षिणतिरबाट आएको दबाब खेप्न सकेन। अहिले भारतद्वारा दक्षिण एसियाकै सम्मानित राजनेता भनी विभूषित गिरजाप्रसाद कोइराला र उनको नेपाली काङ्ग्रेसले दरबारलाई नै सघाउनु भन्ने पटक-पटकको सल्लाह उतैबाट पाएका थिए।
राजनीतिक दलहरूलाई छलेर दरबारसंग लगनगांठो कस्न हौसिएका माओवादीहरूको सपना भङ्ग हुन पनि खासै समय लागेको थिएन। भारतीय अधिकारीहरूले आफूहरूसंग तत्कालीन शान्ति वार्ताका सम्बन्धमा कुनै पनि पक्षले पर्याप्त परामर्श नगरेको भनी पोख्ने गरेको गुनासोमाझ विद्रोहीहरूलाई आफ्नो अभिलाषा पूरा नहुने ठहर गर्न गाह्रो परेको थिएन।
०६१ माघ १९ पछि बदलिएको भूराजनीतिक स्वार्थहरूसमक्ष सातदलीय गठबन्धन एवम् माओवादीहरूलाई संगसंगै अघि बढ्ने बाध्यता त आइलाग्यो नै। सबै घटकलाई आ-आफ्नै सम्भावनाहरू विस्तार गर्ने अवसर पनि प्राप्त भयो। जनआन्दोलन-२ ले दरबारलाई उठ्नै नसक्ने गरी ढालेपछि नयां दिल्लीका लागि माओवादीहरूका नङ्ग्रा उखेल्नु अहम् मुद्दा बन्यो।
शान्ति प्रक्रियाले प्रत्येक गम्भीर मोड नाघ्नासाथ माओवादीहरूले गर्ने गरेको विजयोल्लासका पछाडि आफूहरूलाई खोक्र्याउन भइरहेको प्रयत्नका बारे पूर्व विद्रोहीहरू सतर्क नै देखिए। बेलाबखत आफ्नो अवमूल्यन हुने काममा आफूहरू नै सहयोगी बनेकामा माओवादी नेतृत्वले कहीं कतै पश्चात्ताप गर्ने गरेको भए पनि सार्वजनिक रूपमा उनीहरू दृढ नै देखिन्थे।
त्यसो त विश्वका प्रमुख प्रभावशाली मुलुकहरूले साम्यवादको पराजयलाई गत शताब्दीको ऐतिहासिक घटनामध्येको एक मान्दै आएको परिप्रेक्ष्यमा नेपालमा शास्त्रीय साम्यवादको उदय उनीहरूका लागि स्वीकार्य पक्कै थिएन। गरिबी र पछौटेपनमा चुर्लुम्म डुबेको मुलुकमा भने अन्यायपूर्ण यथास्थितिका विरुद्ध घन्किने चर्का नाराहरू आकर्ष छंदै थिए। बहुसङ्ख्यक साम्यवादी मुलुकहरूमा जनताले नै सो व्यवस्थाको उन्मूलन गरेको यथार्थले पनि खासै माने राखेन। नेपालका सन्दर्भमा उत्तरतिर माओकै मुलुकले साम्यवादको व्यापारकि संस्करण आविष्कार गरेर सफलता हासिल गरेको छ। चिनियांहरूमा बढ्दै गएको आर्थिक असमानतामाझ त कत्तिले माओ विचारधारालाई अस्थिरताको कारकका रूपमा पनि देख्न पुगे।
उता भारतमा आन्तरिक विद्रोहको शृङ्खलामा नक्सलवादीहरू त्यहांका १४ राज्यमा कुनै न कुनै रूपले सक्रिय रहनु एउटा गम्भीर कुरा बन्यो। भारतका प्रधानमन्त्रीले नक्सलवादलाई मुलुकको आन्तरकि सुरक्षाका लागि प्रमुख खतरा भनी बताए। त्यसको निराकरणका लागि नेपाली माओवादीहरूलाई राजनीतिक मूलधारमा पुर्‍याउनु एउटा नीतिगत प्राथमिकता बन्यो। त्यस्तो अभ्यासले नक्सलवादलाई परास्त गर्न कसरी सहयोग गर्ला भन्ने कुरामा खासै ध्यान दिन जरुरी भएन। राजनीतिक रूपले सदैव त्रिकोणीय शक्ति सङ्र्घर्षमा लिप्त नेपालमा राजतन्त्रले छोड्न लागेको भूमिका लिने पात्रको खोजी अहम् बन्यो।
युद्धकाल होस् वा शान्तिका बेला, नेपालका माओवादीहरू वैदेशिक शक्तिहरूलाई आफ्ना सामरिक र भूराजनीतिक लक्ष्य प्राप्तिको अस्त्र बनेका छन्। यसै त भारतको पुर्ण विश्वास जित्न नसकिरहेका माओवादीहरूसंग चीनले बढाएको हातले नयां दिल्लीमा र्सतर्कता बढायो। घटनाक्रम नियाल्दा पुर्वविद्रोहीहरूले चीनको ढृढ समर्थन पनि आर्जन गर्न नसकेको देखिन्छ। आतङ्कवादीको बिल्ला उतार्ने आश्वासन दिएको अमेरिकाको पर्ख र हेरको नीतिपछाडि केही न केही अपेक्षा होलान्।
शत्रुहरूको वर्गीकरण गर्न र तिनका अन्तरविरोधबाट फाइदा लिनमा माहिर माओवादीहरू लोकतान्त्रिक व्यवस्थाको केन्द्रविन्दुमा त पुगे तर त्यहां उनीहरूले आफ्नो सर्वसत्तावादी सोचमा परविर्तन ल्याउन सकेको नेपाली जनताले देख्न पाएका छैनन्। हतियारबिनाको राजनीतिमा अरूलाई पनि माओवादीभित्रको अन्तरविरोधबाट फाइदा लिने कत्तिको छूट हुदोरहेछ भन्ने कुरा बेलाबेला नाटकीय रूपले बन्ने र बिग्रने सहमतिहरूले देखाएकै छन्।
अपरीक्षित भएकै कारण कतिलाई माओवादीहरूले आकषिर्त गरेका हुन्। तर, अन्य दलहरूभन्दा उनीहरू पृथक् रहेको आभास आमजनताले पाउन सकेका छैनन्। राजतन्त्रको उन्मूलनलाई नै यथास्थितिमाथिको विजय ठान्न तयार नभएको जमातलाई राष्ट्रपति निर्वाचन प्रकरणले झस्काउन नै पुग्यो। त्यहां भोगेको पराजयपछि माओवादीहरूले सरकार नबनाउने भनी देखाएको घुर्की र त्यसपछि सरकार बनाउनका लागि अघि सारेका सर्तजस्ता विषयले उनीहरूको परपिक्वतामा प्रश्न उठायो। गठबन्धन बनाउने र बिगार्ने लगायतका दाउपेचमा त अन्य दलहरू पनि उत्तिकै सहभागी छन्। तर, माओवादीहरूको शैलीसमक्ष उनीहरू शालीनजस्तो देखिन पुगे।
शान्ति प्रक्रियाको उद्गम जहां र जसरी भए पनि त्यो नेपालको जीवन्त यथार्थ बनिसकेको छ र माओवादीहरू त्यसको अभिन्न अङ्ग हुन्। उनीहरूको राजनीतिक भविष्य उनीहरूकै लोकतान्त्रिक रूपान्तरणसंग गांसिएको छंदैछ। महत्त्वपूर्ण कुरा त सिङ्गो मुलुककै भाग्य त्यो रूपान्तरण संग जोडिएको छ।


(नेपाल राष्टिय साप्ताहिक, साउन २६, २०६५)

Sunday, July 27, 2008

संयमको सहारा

सञ्जय उपाध्याय
शान्ति प्रक्रियाको आवरणमा सञ्चालित सहमतिको राजनीति नबुझेका नेपालीलाई राष्ट्रपतीय निर्वाचनको पूर्वसन्ध्यामा नाटकीय रूपले जन्मेको नयाँ समीकरणले एकपल्ट फेरि झस्कायो । जसरी भए पनि मुलुकलाई एउटा निकास चाहिएको थियो र तीन प्रमुख दलले उपाय पनि निकालिहाले । नवीनतातर्फो यात्रामा देशले एउटा अर्को कोसेढुङ्गा पार गर्नुलाई सुखद उपलब्धि नमान्ने नेपाली विरलै होलान् ।
राष्ट्रपति रामवरण यादवको प्रतिष्ठा र पृष्ठभूमि एवम् उनले शपथ लिनुअघि र पछि राष्ट्र र राष्ट्रियताका पक्षमा दोहोर्‍याएका प्रतिबद्धताहरू निकै सकारात्मक र प्रेरणादायी रहे पनि तिनलाई व्यापक राजनीतिक पटलमा देखिएको तिक्तताले ढाक्न पुगेको छ ।
नवीनतम विघ्न खेपेपछि नेकपा माओवादीका नेताहरूको भनाइ सुन्दा र पढ्दा प्रतिशोधको राजनीतिले प्रश्रय पाउने संशय बढेको छ । उता तीनतिर फर्केका नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस, नेकपा एमाले र मधेसी जनअधिकार फोरमबीच एक्कासि बढेको सामीप्य माओवादीहरूको सेखी झार्न नै भएको आभास नयाँ समीकरणबाट आइरहेका स्वरहरूले दिन्छन् ।
विदेशी शक्तिहरूको बढ्दो चासोको सशक्त प्रतिविम्ब अनमिनको म्याद बढाउने सर्न्दर्भमा संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घ सुरक्षा परिषदमा देखियो । भारतका स्थायी प्रतिनिधिले महासचिव बान की मुनको प्रतिवेदनबारे उठाएका तिखा प्रश्नहरूले हाम्रो शान्ति प्रक्रियाका सम्बन्धमा नयाँदिल्लीको रक्षात्मक उत्कन्ठा देखाएका छन् । भारतबाट राष्ट्रपति यादवलाई औपचारकि बधाई ढिलो गरी आउनुले पनि केही न केही सन्देश दिएको छ ।
जनआन्दोलन-२ र खासगरी तिब्बत प्रदर्शनका सर्न्दर्भमा स्पष्ट र सक्रिय बनेको चीनले आफ्नो बृहत् आकाङ्क्षा र अपेक्षालाई कसरी प्रस्तुत गर्ला, त्यो त बेइजिङ् ओलम्पिकपछि खुल्दै जाला । विश्वमा उदीयमान दुई एसियाली शक्ति राष्ट्रहरूका बीचमा अवस्थित नेपाललाई तिनीहरूको आपसी सम्बन्धले पार्न सक्ने प्रभावको लेखाजोखा गररिहनु नै पूर्णकालीन काम हुन जान्छ । त्यसमाथि सैनिक/सामरकि गतिशीलता, अर्थबजार, ऊर्जा र वातावरणजस्ता विषयमा चीन र भारतलाई नियालिरहेका अमेरिका र युरोपेली सङ्घका साथै अन्‍तराष्‍ट्रिय रूपमा नै दृढ निश्चयी बन्दै गएको अर्को एसियाली शक्ति जापान नेपालको तरलतामाझ कसरी प्रस्तुत हुँदै जाला भन्नेतिर सचेत हुनुपर्ने अवस्था छ ।
यसरी नयाँ नेपालको खाका आफू अनुकूल बनाउन पृथक् विदेशी कोणहरूबाट चालिने प्रत्यक्ष र परोक्ष कदमहरू महत्त्वपूर्ण बहसका छुट्टै विषय हुन् । राष्ट्रहितविपरीत हुनसक्ने सबै खाले प्रयासहरूको प्रतिरोध गर्ने क्षमता नेपालको नहोला । तर, राष्ट्रिय नेतृत्वले सुझबुझ देखाउन सकेमा विदेशी सरोकारवालाहरूको प्रचुरताले पनि एक प्रकारको अवसर दिनेछ । हाम्रा राजनीतिक दलहरूले भने आफ्नो सुविधा अनुसार वैदेशिक 'हस्तक्षेप'बारे कहिले उग्र बन्दा र कहिले मौनता साँध्दा खुला र र्सार्थक राष्ट्रिय बहस सुरु हुन दिएकै छैनन् ।
त्यसो त, राजतन्त्रको विरोधले गर्दा मात्र एकीकृत भएका राजनीतिक शक्तिहरूबीचको सहमतिको स्वरूप गणतन्त्रको आगमनसँगै समाप्त हुनु थियो र भयो । त्यसलाई जीवित राख्न सक्नु उदारताको परिचायक हुने थियो । तर, जनताले दलहरूको हैसियत निर्धारण गरिदिइसकेपछि त्यो कत्तिको सम्भव हुन्थ्यो - त्यसमाथि प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक प्रकृतिको राजनीतिक व्यवस्थाका लागि त्यस्तो सहमति कत्तिको वाञ्छनीय हुने थियो भन्ने प्रश्न छँदैछ ।
निर्वाचन परिणामले प्रमुख दलहरूबीच ऐतिहासिक परविर्तन संस्थागत बनाउनका लागि महत्त्वपूर्ण पदहरूको भागबन्डा हुनुपर्ने बाध्यता खडा गरिदियो । तर, फरक विचारधारा बोकेका दलहरूबीच चुनाव नतिजा अनुसार अन्तरमि संविधानमा आफू अनुकूल संशोधन खोज्ने उत्सुकताले अविश्वास पनि बढायो । दोहोरो भूमिका दिइएको संविधानसभाले पनि महिनौँ बित्दासम्म पनि अन्तरमि व्यवस्थापिकाको आकारभन्दा माथि उठ्न सकेन । सरकार गठनपछि पनि आग्रह-पूर्वाग्रहद्वारा प्रेरति तीतोपन कायम रहने हो भने संविधान निर्माण प्रक्रियामा मुलुक कहिले र कसरी प्रवेश गर्ला ?
नयाँ नेपालको मुहार हेर्न जतिसुकै आतुर रहे तापनि जनताले राजनीतिक दलहरूको इतिहास बिर्सन सक्ने कुरै भएन । खुला राजनीतिक दलका हैसियतमा माओवादीहरूले पनि खासै पृथक् पहिचान बनाउन सकेनन् । विगतमा मूलधारका राजनीतिक दलहरूको विश्वसनीयता गुम्दै जाँदा वैकल्पिक आग्रह र आह्वानहरूले श्रोता पाए ।
संसदीय प्रजातन्त्रका नाममा भ्रष्टाचार, कुशासन र राजनीतिक अस्थिरता फैलियो भनेर विदेशी राजदूतहरू र अन्‍तराष्‍ट्रिय दातृसंस्थाका प्रमुखहरू कराउँदै गए तर त्यो गुञ्जनले तत्कालीन व्यवस्थामा सकारात्मक परविर्तन ल्याउनभन्दा पनि मुलुकलाई विकल्पहरूको खोजीतर्फउन्मुख गरायो । बदलिँदो अन्‍तराष्‍ट्रिय र क्षेत्रीय पृष्ठभूमिमा विदेशी स्वार्थहरूको टक्करमाझ खलनायक पनि नेपालीहरू नै बन्न गए अनि बहुमूल्य समय पनि नेपालीहरूले नै खेर फाल्न पुगे । त्यसैले, अहिलेको बाक्लिँदो राजनीतिक अविश्वास एक दलले अर्काको मानमर्दन गर्ने अस्त्र मात्र नबनोस्, जनताले आफ्ना नेताहरूको खिल्ली उडाउने आधार पनि नबनोस् ।

(नेपाल राष्टिय साप्ताहिक, साउन १२, २०६५)

Sunday, July 13, 2008

सन्तुलनको सङ्र्घर्ष

सञ्जय उपाध्याय
गणतन्त्रात्मक नेपालले आफ्नो सन्तुलन खोज्ने क्रममा बेहोर्नुपरेका राजनीतिक जटिलताहरू जति उदेकलाग्दा भए पनि तिनलाई हाम्रा नयाँ यथार्थका उपज नै मान्नुपर्दछ । आधुनिक नेपाल स्थापना भएदेखि राजतन्त्रले ओगटेको स्थानमा आएको रिक्तता भर्न भइरहेका आन्तरकि र बाहिरी अभ्यासहरू कहिले सहयोगात्मक छन् त कहिले द्वन्द्वात्मक । सिद्धान्त र सुविधाको पारस्परकि प्रभावले स्थितिलाई झनै कठिन बनाएको छ ।संविधानसभा निर्वाचन र गणतन्त्रको घोषणापछि जनसाधारणमा नयाँ नेपालको प्रारम्भिक खाका हेर्न उत्सुकता बढ्नु स्वाभाविक नै थियो । प्रमुख राजनीतिक दलहरूको कार्यसूचीमा भने आ-आफ्नो अधिकतम प्रभाव कायम रहने गरी राज्य संरचनामा पकड जमाउनु प्राथमिकता बनेको छ ।आठतिर फर्केका राजनीतिक दलहरू राजतन्त्रविरुद्ध एकीकृत भएको अवस्थामा सहमतिको एउटा विशेष महत्त्व थियो । नयाँ परिवेशमा दलहरूको धर्म आ-आफ्ना नीति र कार्यक्रमका आधारमा प्रतिस्पर्धा गर्नु नै हुन जान्छ । यसलाई फोहरी खेल वा पदलोलुपताका रूपमा नहेरिदिन नेताहरूलाई जनसमक्ष आग्रह गर्न कति मन लाग्दो हो । तर, उनीहरूको विगतले नै विश्वसनीयता घटाएको छ । उता खुला राजनीत्रि्रति माओवादीहरूको प्रतिबद्धतामै शङ्का-उपशङ्का चलिरहेका बेला उनीहरूले दिने स्पष्टीकरणको खासै मूल्य नरहला । त्यसो त वर्तमान अन्योल अनपेक्षित थिएन । सुरुमा माओवादीहरूले संविधानसभाको माग गर्दा अन्य दलहरूले त्यसले 'पेन्डोराको बाकस' खोल्ने छ भनेर करबिकरबि एकै स्वरले विरोध गरेका थिए । अहिले प्रस्फुटन भएका अधिकार, प्रतिनिधित्व, समावेशीकरण र सम्मानका मागहरू सम्बोधन गर्न कोभन्दा को कति पीडित र पिछडिएका रहेछन् भन्ने कुराको छिनोफानो हुन सकेको भए सजिलो हुन्थ्यो होला । त्यसको मापन जात, धर्म, वर्ण, वर्गले मात्र गर्न नसक्ने हुनाले नै सङ्कट राष्ट्रिय राजनीतिको मुटुमै यसरी गहिरिँदै गएको प्रस्ट छ । मधेसकै कुरा गर्दा त्यसको भौगोलिक र भावनात्मक अवधारणाबीचको दूरीलाई आँक्ने फुर्सद मुलुकलाई भएन । देशभित्र र बाहिर प्रतिष्ठाको विषय बनेको निर्वाचन सम्पन्न गर्नका लागि नै गत फागुनमा सम्झौता गरिएको कुरा जिम्मेवार नेताहरूले बिनासङ्कोच स्वीकारेका छन् ।दलहरूका पृथक् प्रकृति र स्वभावले पनि गतिरोधलाई निरन्तरता दिइरहेका छन् । सम्झौतालाई क्रान्तिप्रति धोका ठान्ने माओवादीहरूले शान्ति प्रक्रियाका नाममा मूलधारका दलहरूसँग एकपछि अर्को सुविधा लिँदै गए । निर्वाचनपछि जब आफूहरूले त्याग गर्नुपर्ने बेला आयो, माओवादीहरूलाई आफूहरू क्रान्तिकारी भइरहेको भ्रमजालले छाडेन ।नेपाली काङ्ग्रेसलाई प्रतिपक्षमै बस्न गाह्रो लाग्ने थिएन होला । तर, ऊ अहिले अस्तित्वको लडाइँ लडिरहेको छ । वयोवृद्ध सभापतिपछि नेतृत्वका लागि कोइराला परविारभित्रका दाबेदारहरूको लडाइँलाई अन्य नयाँ पुस्ताका नेताहरूबीचको हानथापले जटिल बनाएको छ । प्रेरणादायी नीति र नेतृत्वबाट मात्र अब आफ्नो भविष्य सुनिश्चित हुने निष्कर्षा पुगेका कार्यकर्ता र र्समर्थकहरू ती दुवैको खडेरी लम्बिरहने भयले ग्रस्त देखिन्छन् । काङ्ग्रेस मात्र लोकतन्त्रको पर्याय भएको दाबीद्वारा बढाइने आत्मविश्वासले कति समय थेग्ला ?नेकपा एमालेको प्राथमिकता नेपाली वामशक्तिको अग्रस्थानमा आफूलाई पुनःस्थापित गर्नमा रहेको कुरा विभिन्न नेताहरूले फरक शब्द र शैलीमा बताइरहेका छन् । 'युथ फोर्स'को स्थापना र क्रियाकलाप हेर्दा एमालेले यसका लागि उग्रताको अस्त्र प्रयोग गर्न खोजेको भान हुन्छ । सत्ता र प्रतिपक्षको अनुभवमा खारिएको मध्यमार्गी परचिय मेटेर एमालेले क्रान्तिकारी बाटोमा हिँड्न खोज्नु मुलुकका लागि कति नै अग्रगामी होला र ? यति सशक्त रूपमा मधेसी दलहरूको उपस्थिति नेपालीहरूका लागि नौलो भएको छ । अन्य दलबाट छुट्टिएर गएका तर एउटै छातामुनि आबद्ध हुन सकेका परिचित नेताहरूको मूल्याङ्कन गर्ने क्षमता जनसाधारणसँग छ । साना दलहरूको हैसियत त मतदाताहरूले तय गरसिकेका छन् ।यस्तो आन्तरकि अस्तव्यस्ततामाथि नेपालमा विशेष प्रभाव राख्दै आएका विदेशी शक्तिहरूको आकाङ्क्षा र अपेक्षा थपिएका छन् । भारत, चीन र अमेअमेरिका लागि राजतन्त्र स्थायित्वको आधार रहँदै आएको थियो । त्यसको ठाउँ लिने र्सवस्वीकार्य निकायको अभावमा नै विभिन्न गठबन्धन बन्दै र बिग्रदै गरेको बुझ्न गाह्रो पर्दैन ।नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस र मधेसी दलहरूको तादात्म्यले भारतलाई केही आश्वस्त तुलाउन सक्ला । चीनको चाख वामशक्तिहरूको व्यापक मोर्चालाई पूर्वराजावादीहरूले दिने टेवाप्रति नै रहेको हुनुपर्दछ । भारतभन्दा एक कदम अघि सरेर अमेरिकाले सेनालाई गैरवामपन्थी मोर्चाको मेरुदण्डका रूपमा देखेको होला ।एउटाको आधारभूमिमा अर्कोले अतिक्रमण नगर्ला भनेर कसरी भन्ने । चीन र भारत दुवैले पछ्याएको माओवादीलाई अमेरिकाले आतङ्ककारी भन्दाभन्दै निर्वाचन परिणाम आएलगत्तै अल कायदासँग तुलना गर्न नमिल्ने स्पष्टीकरण दिई नै सकेको छ । तर्राईमा अहिले सक्रिय भएका र जन्मन सक्ने समूहहरूसँग चीन नजिकिने अवस्था नै नआउला र ? दलहरूका लागि विदेशीहरूको कृपापात्र बन्नु र कोपभाजनमा पर्नु दुवै अभिशाप भएको स्थितिमा सन्तुलनको खोजी कतै अनन्त हुने त होइन ?
(नेपाल राष्टिय साप्ताहिक, असार २९, २०६५)

Sunday, June 29, 2008

हस्तक्षेप र हितको हल्कापन

सञ्जय उपाध्याय

नेपाल-भारत सम्बन्धको गाथामा हालै एउटा रोचक पक्ष गांसिन पुग्यो । केही भारतीय नेताहरूले एक र्सार्वजनिक भेलामा नेपाली काङ्ग्रेसले अविलम्ब नेकपा माओवादीलाई सत्ता हस्तान्तरण गर्नुपर्ने कुरामा निकै जोड दिए । काङ्ग्रेसको अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विभागले सो भनाइलाई हस्तक्षेपको संज्ञा दिंदै त्यसको चर्को विरोध गर्‍यो ।
बेलाबखत नेपालबाट आउने यस्ता रोषयुक्त प्रतिक्रियासमक्ष भारतीयहरू विभिन्न रूपले प्रस्तुत हुने गरेका छन् । नीतिगत विषयमा कुनै व्यक्ति वा संस्थाको विवादास्पद भनाइ आउंदा त्यससित आफ्नो कुनै संलग्नता नरहेको भारत सरकारले औपचारकि स्पष्टीकरण दिने गरेको छ । कहिलेकाही त्यस्ता विचार व्यक्त गर्नेले नै स्पष्टोक्ति दिएर माफीसमेत मागेका छन् । अनि, नेपाली भावनामा पुगेको चोटलाई कुनै वर्गविशेषको पूर्वाग्रह ठानी उपेक्षा पनि गरिएको छ ।
भारतीय राष्ट्रवादी काङ्ग्रेसका महासचिव डीपी त्रिपाठीले त आफ्नै बाटो समाए । नेपाली काङ्ग्रेसको वक्तव्यलाई 'कृतघ्नताको परचिय' भन्दै उनले सो फिर्ता लिइनुपर्ने मागसमेत गरे । अनि, सुरुकै भनाइ दोहोर्‍याउंदै नेपाली काङ्ग्रेसलाई जनादेशको पाठ पढाए ।
नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस हाम्रो मुलुकमा भारतको सबैभन्दा नजिकको राजनीतिक मित्रका रूपमा चिनिन्छ । त्यस बुझाइको फाइदा र बेफाइदा विभिन्न पुस्ताका काङ्ग्रेसी नेताहरूले देखेका र भोगेका छन् । वर्तमान सभापति गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइरालाले त छ दशकदेखि भारतलाई विभिन्न हैसियतमा रहेर नियालेका छन् । प्रधानमन्त्रीको चार कार्यकालमध्ये अहिले आएर मात्र कोइरालाले आफ्नो अनुभवलाई केही आकार दिन खोजेको देखिन्छ ।
भारतको सहयोग रहेमा तर्राईको सुरक्षा स्थितिमा तुरुन्त सुधार आउन सक्ने अभिव्यक्ति दिएर कोइरालाले आफ्नो अप्रसन्नतालाई शालीन भएर प्रस्तुत गरे । आफ्नो आत्मकथा सुनाउने क्रममा कोइरालाले आफू भारतमा रहंदा गरेका र गराएका केही 'अवाञ्छनीय' क्रियाकलापहरू त्यहांको सरकारको जानकारीमा रहेको खुलासा गरे । परिवार एवम् निकटस्थहरूको जमघटमा उनले भारतविरुद्ध बोलेको भनिएका शब्दहरू छापामा अविरल आउंदा पनि कोइराला खण्डन गर्न उत्सुक देखिंदैनन् ।
जनआन्दोलन-२ सफल भएलगत्तै भारतीय प्रधानमन्त्री मनमोहन सिंहले दिल्लीमा प्रधानमन्त्री कोइरालालाई दक्षिण एसियाकै सम्मानित नेता भनेर स्वागत गरे । कोइरालालाई भने असोज १८, २०५९ र माघ १९, ०६१ बीच भारत सरकारको ध्यान नेपाली प्रजातन्त्रको भविष्यप्रति जान नसकेको पीडाले पोलिरहेको हुंदो हो । अझ टनकपुरको दलदलमा आफू फस्दै जांदा भारतबाट सहानुभूतिको सट्टा सतर्कता बढेको अनुभव पनि उनमा ताजै हुंदो हो ।
नेपालको राजनीतिक उतारचढावका विभिन्न चरणमा नेपाली काङ्ग्रेसले भारतबाट भोग्नुपरेका असुविधाका पुलिन्दा यति भारी हुंदाहुंदै पनि जनताले आफूहरूलाई भारतपरस्त भनेर नै चिन्दा कति नेता-कार्यकर्ताको मन दुखेको होला ?
यसै पनि हस्तक्षेपकर्ता र हितैषी छुट्याउन त्यत्ति सजिलो छैन । उता व्याख्याताको नैतिक धरातलमा पनि धेरै कुरा भर पर्छ, मूलधारका राजनीतिक दलहरू र माओवादीबीच सहकार्यको अभावमा शाही सरकार ढल्ने सम्भावना क्षीण रहेको अवस्थामा भारतीय राजनीतिक संस्थापनका केही पक्षले व्रिद्रोहीहरूलाई सहयोग गर्नुपर्ने नीति अगाडि सारे । भारत सरकारभित्र त्यस्तो उत्कट नीति परविर्तनप्रति मतैक्य हुन सकेको थिएन । सिंह सरकारलाई बाहिरबाट र्समर्थन गररिहेका वामपन्थीहरूको प्रयास सफल हुने देखिएपछि भारतीय जनता पार्टी बाहेक अन्य सबै प्रभावशाली दलहरू त्यसको हिमायती हुन पुगे ।
ती दलहरू आ-आफ्नै स्वार्थबाट प्रेरति भएको बुझ्न गाह्रो थिएन । शाही सरकारकै केही विरोधीहरूले पनि उतिबेलै यसलाई हस्तक्षेपका रूपमा देखेका थिए । तर, नेपाली काङ्ग्रेसलगायतका दलहरूले यस प्रयासलाई असल छिमेकीको सराहनीय चासो भनेर परिभाषित गरे । यस अवस्थामा भारतीय नेताहरूले आफूहरूलाई नेपालको शान्ति प्रक्रियाका महत्त्वपूर्ण लगानीकर्ता ठान्न अस्वाभाविक थिएन । अहिले आएर आफूलाई अनुकूल हुने गरी तिनीहरू प्रस्तुत नभएकै कारण त्यस चासोलाई हस्तक्षेप ठान्ने नैतिक आधार नेपाली काङ्ग्रेसले त्यतिबेलै गुमाएको थियो ।
त्रिपाठीको प्रतिक्रियाले ओझेलमा पारेको अर्को वक्तव्य यहां स्मरण गर्नु उचित हुन्छ । भारतीय जनता पार्टीले वैचारिक प्रेरणाको स्रोत मानिंदै आएको राष्ट्रिय स्वयम्सेवक सङ्घका अध्यक्ष केएस सुदर्शनले नेपालको अस्थिरताले भारतलाई पुर्‍याएको खतराका लागि जवाहरलाल नेहरूलाई दोष दिए । नेहरूले भारतमा विलय हुने नेपाली प्रस्ताव मानिदिएको भए आज यो समस्या रहने थिएन भन्ने एक र्सार्वजनिक समारोहमा सुदर्शनले गुनासो पोखे ।
यो कुरा भाजपालगायत अन्य भारतीय दलका नेताहरूले भन्दै आइरहेका हुन् । तर, अन्य भारतीय नेताहरूले झै सुदर्शनले प्रस्तावक भनेर तत्कालीन राजा त्रिभुवनलाई औंल्याएनन् । उनले प्रधानमन्त्री मातृकाप्रसाद कोइरालाबाट त्यो प्रस्ताव आएको बताए । त्रिभुवनले कहिले र कुन सर्न्दर्भमा विलयको प्रस्ताव गरेका थिए भनेर भारतीयहरूले नखुलाएजस्तै मातृका कोइरालाका बारेमा पनि सुदर्शनले थप केही भनेनन् । मातृका कोइरालाका सम्बन्धमा आजका काङ्ग्रेसीहरूले जे-जस्तो धारणा राखे पनि उनी ००७ सालको आन्दोलनका सर्वोच्च कमान्डर थिए भन्ने कुरा सबैले स्मरण गरेकै हुनुपर्छ ।
विदेशीहरूले आफ्नो सुविधा अनुसार विगतका घटना र प्रवृत्तिको व्याख्या गर्दा मरसिकेका प्रमुख पात्रहरू न आफ्नो सफाइ दिन सक्छन्, न त त्यससम्बन्धी थप विवरण नै । बांचेकाहरूले हस्तक्षेपकर्ता र हितैषीका बारे यसरी हल्का नभइदिए राष्ट्रिय स्वार्थ सशक्त ढङ्गले अघि बढाउन सकिन्थ्यो कि !

(नेपाल राष्टिय साप्ताहिक, असार १५, २०६५)

Sunday, June 15, 2008

राष्ट्रियताः चांदीको घेरा

सञ्जय उपाध्याय

राजतन्त्रको अवसानपछि प्रमुख दलहरूबीच चुलिएको शक्तिसंघर्ष जति अप्रिय लागे पनि नयां नेपालतर्फको यात्रामा त्यसलाई स्वाभाविक मान्नुपर्ने स्थिति देखापर्दैछ। यसलाई पराजयवाद वा निराशावाद नभई हाम्रो विशिष्ट अनुभवबाट निसृत यथार्थका आधारमा बुझ्नुपर्ने भएको छ। असहमतिहरूकै समायोजनका रूपमा दुइ वर्षेखि अघि बढिरहेको शान्ति प्रक्रिया अर्न्तर्गत गन्तव्यको खोजीमा उदेकलाग्दा राजनीतिक गतिरोधहरू कहां बाट कसरी आउलान् भन्न सकिदैन।
संविधान निर्माण प्रक्रियामा ठूला दलहरूले भावी राज्य संरचना र त्यसका संस्थाहरूमा आफ्नो अधिकतम लाभ हुने गरी अघि बढ्न खोज्नु अस्वाभाविक हुने छैन। संविधानसभामा उपस्थित साना दलहरूले त अहिले नै आफूहरू उपेक्षित भएको गुनासो गर्न थालेका छन्। सभाबाहिर रहेका र उपस्थित हुनसक्ने समूहहरूको प्रभाव आकलन गर्नुपर्ने चुनौतीका बारे समसामयिक नेपाली इतिहासले उजागर गरिदिएको छ। मुलुकले समातिसकेको बाटोबाट विमुख हुने विलासिता कसैलाई नहुने भएकाले यस प्रक्रियालाई सहज बनाउन यथार्थवादी नबनी सुखै छैन।
यहां राजनीतिक टक्करको एउटा आयामको चर्चा गर्न खोजिएको छ। राजतन्त्रको विधिवत् समाप्तिपछि विभिन्न दलका नेताहरू प्रत्यक्ष र परोक्ष रूपमा आफूहरूलाई लोकतन्त्रका साथै राष्ट्रियताका संरक्षकका रूपमा प्रस्तुत गर्न आतुर देखिएका छन्। यसलाई उनीहरूको दरबार नै विगतमा राष्ट्रियताको संरक्षक भएको स्वीकारोक्तिकै रूपमा बुझ्न गाह्रो पर्ला। कथित 'मण्डले राष्ट्रवाद'का चर्का आलोचकलाई पनि र्सार्वभौमसत्ता, राष्ट्रिय अखण्डता, प्राकृतिक सम्पदा र साधनलगायत नेपाली प्रतिष्ठासंग जोडिएका सम्पूर्ण विषयहरूको प्रवर्द्धन गर्नुपर्ने उतरदायित्वबोध भएको मान्नुपर्दछ। जुन स्वाभिमानी नेपालीका लागि सन्तोषको विषय भएको छ।
तर, राष्ट्रियताका प्रश्नमा ठूला दलहरू आ-आफ्नै कोणबाट सक्रिय हुने हुंदा त्यसको सम्वर्द्धन प्रक्रिया सहज हुने देखिदैन। लोकतन्त्र/प्रजातन्त्र भन्ने शब्द र शैलीमा एकाधिकार जमाउन तल्लीन नेपाली काङ्ग्रेसले अन्तर्राष्टिय समर्थन जुटाएर राष्ट्रियताको प्रवर्द्धन गर्नसक्ने एक मात्र भरपर्दो शक्ति आफूलाई नै देखेको छ। विगतले भने उसलाई पूर्ण साथ दिएको छैन। तीनवटै कोइराला दाजुभाइका प्रधानमन्त्रित्वसंग जोडिएका तीन नदी सम्झौतासम्बन्धी तथ्य-सत्य जेजस्ता भए पनि ती हाम्रो इतिहासका विवादास्पद प्रसङ्ग बनिसकेका छन्।
सन् ५० को सन्धिको पुनरावलोकनको मुद्दालाई पहिलोपल्ट सशक्त र औपचारकि रूपमा उठाएको श्रेय नेकपा एमालेलाई जान्छ। टनकपुरको मुद्दालाई राष्ट्रिय बहसमा ल्याएर राष्ट्रवादी छवि बनाएको एमाले सरकारमा पुगेपछि महाकाली प्याकेजको दलदलमा फस्न पुग्यो। सत्ताच्यूत भइसकेपछि उक्त सन्धिको अनुमोदनमा मतियार बनेको आरोप एमालेले बोकिरहेको छ। सो सन्धिप्रतिका आन्तरकि असहमति नै पार्टी विभाजनको एउटा कारक बन्न पुगेको कुरा अहिले आएर अप्रासङ्गिक भएको छ। त्यस्तै पीडाबोधले पनि होला, एमालेको एक भ्रातृसङ्गठन नै नयां भारतीय राजदूतको हस्तक्षेपकारी भूमिकाको सबैभन्दा सशक्त विरोधी बन्न पुग्यो।
जनयुद्ध सुरु गर्दा गणतन्त्रभन्दा माथि राष्ट्रियतासम्बन्धी मुद्दाहरू राखी ४० बुदे मागपत्र प्रस्तुत गरेका माओवादीहरूलाई उनीहरूले पछिल्लो समयमा भारतीय भूमिमा पाएको आश्रयले केही धक्का पुर्‍यायो। अन्तरिम संसद् र सरकारसम्म आइपुग्दा उनीहरूलाई नागरकिता कानुनले गलायो। दरबारका वरिपरि बसेका केही मानिसहरूको देशभक्तिको बखान गाउदै आएका माओवादी अध्यक्ष अहिले आएर भूतपुर्व राजा ज्ञानेन्द्रलाई नै राष्ट्रवादी मोर्चामा आमन्त्रित गर्न पुगेका छन्।
मधेसी जनअधिकार फोरम जन्मिएको पृष्ठभूमिले नै उसलाई राष्ट्रियताको विषयमा अरूभन्दा खरो बन्नुपर्ने बाध्यता छ। करिबकरिब त्यही स्थिति तराई मधेस लोकतान्त्रिक पार्टीको पनि छ। एउटै क्षेत्रमा ती दुइ पार्टी वीीचको प्रतिस्पर्धाले राष्ट्रियताको बहसलाई कसरी निर्देशित गर्नेछ, त्यो हेर्न बांकी छ। मुद्दाविशेषमा साना दलहरूका बीच बन्ने समीकरण र त्यसलाई आ-आफ्नो सुविधा अनुसार परिचालन गर्न ठूला दलहरूको उत्सुकताले पनि भावी राजनीतिलाई प्रभाव पार्नेछ।
सरकारको नेतृत्व सम्हालिसकेको अवस्थामा नेकपा माओवादीले पनि व्यावहारकि बाध्यता सामना गर्नैपर्ने हुन्छ। जनमानसमाझ लचकताले कति सजिलै आत्मर्समर्पणको पनि रूप धारण गर्न सक्दो रहेछ भन्ने त माओवादीहरूले एमालेको अनुभवबाटै बुझिसकेको हुनुपर्दछ। एमाले क्रान्तिकारी बन्न पुगेको अवस्थामा सत्ता सञ्चालन गर्न माओवादीहरूलाई थप चुनौती पर्ला नै।
रह्यो नेपालमा हावी हुदै आएका तीन प्रमुख विदेशी शक्तिका आकाङ्क्षा र अपेक्षा। दुइ चरणको शाही शासनका अवधिमा प्रभाव विस्तार गरेका अमेरिका र चीन लोकतन्त्र बहालीपछि निकै अगाडि बढेका छन्। आउदा दिनहरूमा तिनको प्रभाव आकलन गर्न उनीहरूको भारतसंगको नीतिगत समन्वय र टक्करका सम्भावनाप्रति सजग रहनुपर्ने हुन जान्छ। तिब्बत प्रदर्शनका सन्दर्भमा चीनद्वारा अपनाइएको सक्रिय सतर्कताले नेपालीहरूलाई दुवै छिमेकीहरूको चासो र क्षमताबारे झन् चनाखो बनाइदिएको छ।
अस्पष्ट बादलहरूका बीच चांदीको घेरा पनि छ। राष्ट्रियतासम्बन्धी मुद्दाहरूमा राजनीतिक दलहरूले लिने इमानदारीपूर्ण अडानलाई सामन्ती निरङ्कुशताको कृत्रिम चीत्कार भनेर निस्तेज पार्ने सुविधा अब विदेशी शक्तिहरूलाई हुने छैन।

(नेपाल राष्टिय साप्ताहिक, असार १, २०६५)

व्यावहारिकताकै वर्चस्व

सञ्जय उपाध्याय

नेकपा माओवादीको चुनावी सफलतापछि आफूले आतङ्ककारी घोषित गरेको समूहप्रति 'पर्ख र हेर'को नीतिमा पुगेको अमेरिकालाई भूराजनीतिले अझ यथार्थवादी बन्न कर लगाएको छ। नेपाली जनमतको नवीनतम् अभिव्यक्तिलाई हाम्रा दुइ विशाल छिमेकीहरूले आ-आफ्नै ढङ्गले आत्मसात् गरेको सर्न्दर्भमा तेस्रो प्रभावशाली वैदेशिक शक्तिले समय खेर फाल्न सक्ने कुरै थिएन।
माओवादीहरूसंग औपचारिक सम्पर्क कायम गरी परामर्शका लागि वासिङ्टनतर्फलागेकी अमेरिकी राजदूत न्यान्सी पावेलले स्थितिको गम्भीरताबारे आफ्नो सरकारलाई सशक्त ढङ्गले अवगत गराउन सकेको प्रतीत हुन्छ। पावेल वासिङ्टनमै छंदा एक अमेरिकी अधिकारीले माओवादीहरूलाई 'आतङ्ककारी बहिष्करण सूची'मा राखेको स्पष्टीकरण दिदै आफ्नो सरकारले तिनलाई अल कायदाकै समकक्षी नठानेको भनाइ सार्वजनिक गरे।
पावेल नेपाल फर्केलगत्तै दक्षिण एसियाली मामिलासम्बन्धी उपसहायक विदेशमन्त्री इभान फैगनबउम काठमाडौ आइपुगे। माओवादी अध्यक्ष प्रचण्डलाई भेटी फैगनबउमले उनको दलको सरकारलाई अमेरिकी सहयोग रहने आश्वासन दिए। भलै त्यसको खुलासा माओवादी पक्षलाई गर्न लगाए।
व्यावहारकिताको सम्बन्ध कायम गर्नमा माहिर चीनले शान्ति प्रक्रियाको आरम्भसंगै माओवादीहरूलाई पूर्ण राजनीतिक दलका रूपमा स्वीकार गरसिकेको थियो। नेपालभन्दा पहिले आफूले आतङ्ककारी भन्दै आएको समूहलाई राजतन्त्रविरुद्ध मूलधारका राजनीतिक दलहरूसंग १२ बुदे सम्झौता गराउन भारतलाई व्यावहारकिताले नै अभिप्रेरित गरेको थियो। पूर्वविद्रोहीहरू सरकारमा संलग्न भएपछि नयां दिल्लीलाई राजनीतिक सम्बन्ध बढाउन सजिलो भयो। यस्तो अवस्थामा अमेरिकालाई पुरानै कठोरतामा रहिरहन सम्भव थिएन।
त्यसो त माओवादीहरूलाई आतङ्ककारीको सूचीमा राख्न अमेरिकालाई राष्ट्रिय सुरक्षाभन्दा राजनीतिले नै अभिप्रेरित गरेको थियो। अघिल्लो शताब्दीमै साम्यवादलाई विश्वव्यापी रूपमै परास्त गरेकामा गर्व गर्ने अमेरिकालाई संसारको एउटा कुनाबाट त्यसको पुनरुत्थान हुनसक्ने सम्भावना ग्राह्य भएन। २००१ सेप्टेम्बर ११ को आक्रमणपछि त अमेरिकीहरूलाई राजनीतिक प्रकृतिको हत्या र हिंसा अभियानलाई आतङ्कवादकै स्वरूपमा देख्ने वातावरण बन्यो। अमेरिकी राजदूतावासमा कार्यरत दूइ नेपाली नागरकिको हत्या एवम् कोकाकोलाजस्तो अमेरिकी स्वामित्वमा रहेको व्यापारकि प्रतीकमाथिको माओवादी आक्रमण निश्चय पनि अल कायदाले गरेजस्तो गतिविधिको कोटीमा पर्दैनथे।
उता माओवादीहरू दोस्रो शान्तिवार्तामा बसेका बेला कार्यकारी निर्णयद्धारा बुस प्रशासनले उनीहरूमाथि आतङ्ककारीको बिल्ला लगाएको थियो। त्यसको खास अर्थ र तात्पर्यका बारेमा नेपालीहरूलाई जानकारी गराउन राजनीतिक रूपले अमेरिकालाई चासो भएन। परविर्तित सर्न्दर्भमा त्यो राजनीतिक दृष्टि अप्रासाङ्गिक भयो नै।
राजनीति, संस्कृति, अर्थ, सुरक्षा, प्रविधि र वातावरणजस्ता कोणहरूबाट एसियाका दुइ शक्तिहरूलाई नियालिरहेको अमेरिकाले काठमाडौमा अत्याधुनिक दूतावास बनाएर यहां आफ्नो दीर्घकालीन चासो रहने जनाउ दिइसकेको थियो। भारत र चीनले जस्तै अमेरिकालाई पनि आफ्नो नेपाल नीतिलाई र्सार्वजनिक रूपमै समायोजन गर्नु अपरिहार्य भइसकेको थियो।
घटनाक्रमले माओवादीहरूसंग हात बढाउन अमेरिकीहरू नै बढी आतुर भएजस्तो देखिए पनि धरातलीय यथार्थका सूक्ष्म अध्ययनकर्ता हाम्रा पुर्वविद्रोहीहरू पनि कम उत्सुक छैनन्। आफूहरूलाई दमन गर्न विभिन्न समयका सरकारहरूलाई भारत र चीनले सैनिक सहयोग दिएको विगतप्रति आंखा चिम्लन सक्ने माओवादीहरूले अमेरिकालाई मात्र अपवादका रूपमा लिने कुरै थिएन।
यी तीनवटै प्रभावशाली मुलुकहरूले केही सतर्कताका साथ आफूहरूलाई हेररिहेको अवस्थामा माओवादीहरूलाई पुरानै सूत्र समातेर तिनका अन्तरविरोधहरूबाट हुन सक्ने लाभको आकलन गर्न मौका मिल्यो। राष्ट्रियताको नाराद्वारा चीनलाई आकर्षण गर्न खोजेका माओवादीहरूले भारतको समर्थनबिना सत्तामा पुग्न अनि रहिरहन नसक्ने कुरा बुझेकै थिए।
राजतन्त्रको विरोध गर्दागर्दै पनि दरबारले आफूलाई भूराजनीतिक सन्तुलनको प्रतीकका रूपमा उभ्याउन सकेको कुरा परोक्ष रूपमा माओवादीहरूले सुरुदेखि नै स्वीकारेका थिए। आन्तरकि भन्दा पनि बाह्य आकाङ्क्षा र अपेक्षाले यहांको राजनीतिलाई जटिल बनाउने गरेको यथार्थ त जनयुद्धको इतिहासको एउटा पाटो नै बनिसकेको थियो।
नेपालको राजनीतिक अस्थिरताको सम्पूर्ण दोष राजनीतिक संस्थापन एवम् सम्बन्धित विदेशी शक्तिहरूले राजतन्त्रलाई बोकाउन सफल भए पनि माओवादीहरूले सत्ता सञ्चालन गर्दा आफूहरूले बेहोर्नुपर्ने चुनौती राम्ररी बुझेको देखिन्छ। चुनावी परिणामपछि माओवादी नेतृत्वभित्र चुलिएको भनिएको शक्ति-संघर्षलाई उनीहरूको भारत र चीनबीच समदूरीको नीति अपनाउने सार्वजनिक उदघोषबाट अलग राखेर हेर्न मिल्दैन।
दुइ ठूला छिमेकीका स्वार्थहरूमाझ अलिकति पनि असन्तुलन आउनेबित्तिकै माओवादीहरूलाई पर्ने सङ्कट तल्लो पङ्क्तिमा व्याप्त क्रान्तिकारिताले बढाउनेछ। त्यस अवस्थामा भौगोलिक दूरीले मात्र विश्वको एक मात्र महाशक्तिलाई बाटो छेक्ने छैन। अमेरिकाको दह्रो समर्थन पाउन नसकिहाले पनि सशक्त विरोध खेप्न नपरे स्थिति माओवादीहरूलाई केही सहज बन्नेछ। काठमाडौमा भएका तिब्बती प्रदर्शनहरूका सन्दर्भमा वाईसीएलको निस्कृयतालाई माओवादीहरूले आफ्ना विकल्पहरू खुला राखेको भनी बुझ्नुपर्ला कि ?

(नेपाल राष्टिय साप्ताहिक, जेठ १९, २०६५)